A Further Look at Financial Statements: Financial Accounting, Seventh Edition

A FURTHER LOOK
AT FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS
2
2-1
Financial Accounting, Seventh Edition
Learning
Learning Objectives
Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.
2. Identify tools for analyzing financial statements and ratios for

computing a companys profitability.
3. Explain the relationship between a retained earnings statement and a

statement of stockholders equity.
4. Identify and compute ratios for analyzing a companys liquidity and

solvency using a balance sheet.
5. Use the statement of cash flows to evaluate solvency.
6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted accounting principles.
7. Discuss financial reporting concepts.
2-2
Preview of Chapter 2
Financial Accounting
Seventh Edition
Kimmel Weygandt Kieso
2-3
The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Presents a snapshot at a point in time.
To improve understanding, companies group similar
assets and similar liabilities together.
Standard Classifications Illustration 2-1
2-4 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Illustration 2-2
2-5 LO 1
The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Illustration 2-2
2-6 LO 1
The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Current Assets
Assets that a company expects to convert to cash or use
up within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is
longer.
Operating cycle is the average time it takes from the
purchase of inventory to the collection of cash from
customers.
Common types of current assets are (1) cash, (2)
investments, (3) receivables, (4) inventories, and (5)
prepaid expenses.

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Current Assets Illustration 2-3
Companies list current asset accounts in the order they expect to

convert them into cash.

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Review Question
Cash, and other resources that are reasonably expected to
be realized in cash or sold or consumed in the business
within one year or the operating cycle, are called:
a. Current assets.
b. Intangible assets.
c. Long-term investments.
d. Property, plant, and equipment.

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Alternative Terminology
Long-Term Investments Long-term investments are often referred
to simply as investments.
Investments in stocks and bonds of other corporations that

are held for more than one year.
Long-term assets such as land or buildings that a company
is not currently using in its operating activities.
Long-term notes receivable.
Illustration 2-4
2-10 LO 1
The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Property, Plant, and Equipment

Long useful lives. Alternative Terminology
Property, plant, and equipment is
sometimes called fixed assets or
Currently used in operations. plant assets.
Includes land, buildings, equipment, delivery vehicles, and

furniture.
Depreciation - allocating the cost of assets to a number of
years.
Accumulated depreciation - total amount of depreciation
expensed thus far in the assets life.

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Property, Plant, and Equipment

Illustration 2-5

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Intangible Assets Helpful Hint

Sometimes intangible
assets are reported
Assets that do not have physical substance. under a broader
heading called Other
Includes goodwill, patents, copyrights, and assets.
trademarks or trade names.

Illustration 2-6
2-13 LO 1
The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Review Question
Patents and copyrights are
a. Current assets.
b. Intangible assets.
c. Long-term investments.
d. Property, plant, and equipment.

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Current Liabilities
Obligations the company is to pay within the next year or
operating cycle, whichever is longer.
Common examples are accounts payable, salaries and
wages payable, notes payable, interest payable, and income
taxes payable.
Also included as current liabilities are current maturities
of long-term obligationspayments to be made within the
next year on long-term obligations.

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Current Liabilities
Illustration 2-7

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Long-Term Liabilities
Obligations a company expects to pay after one year.
Include bonds payable, mortgages payable, long-term
notes payable, lease liabilities, and pension liabilities.
Illustration 2-8

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Review Question
Which of the following is not a long-term liability?
a. Bonds payable.
b. Current maturities of long-term debt.
c. Long-term notes payable.
d. Mortgages payable.

The
The Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Stockholders Equity
Common stock - investments of assets into the business by
the stockholders.
Retained earnings - income retained for use in the business.
Illustration 2-2

Match each of the items to its proper balance sheet classification,
shown below. If the item would not appear on a balance sheet, use NA.
Current assets (CA) Current liabilities (CL)
Long-term investments (LTI) Long-term liabilities (LTL)
Property, plant, and equipment (PPE) Stockholders equity (SE)
Intangible assets (IA)
Solution
CL Salaries and wages payable LTI Investment in real estate
NA Service revenue PPE Equipment
CL Interest payable PPE Accumulated depreciation
IA Goodwill CA Debt investments (short-term)
NA Depreciation expense SE Retained earnings
LTL Mortgage payable CL Unearned service revenue
(due in 3 years)
2-20
LO 1
Using
Using the
the Financial
Financial Statements
Statements
Ratio Analysis
Ratio analysis expresses the relationship among selected
items of financial statement data.
A ratio expresses the mathematical relationship between

one quantity and another.
A single ratio by itself is not very meaningful.
LO 2 Identify tools for analyzing financial statements and

2-21 ratios for computing a companys profitability.
Using
Using the
the Financial
Statements
Illustration 2-9
Financial ratio classifications

Using
Using the
the Financial
Statements
Using the Income Statement Illustration 2-10

Profitability
Using
Using the
the Income
Income Statement
Statement Ratio
Illustration: Earnings per share (EPS) measures the net

income earned on each share of common stock.
Best Buy
Illustration 2-11
$1,277 - $0 $1,317 - $0
= =
(393 + 419) 2 (419 + 414) 2
2-24 $3.14 $3.16 LO 2

Using
Using the
the Income
Income Statement
Statement
Review Question
For 2014 Stoneland Corporation reported net
income $26,000; net sales $400,000; and average shares
outstanding 6,000. There were preferred stock dividends of
$2,000. What was the 2014 earnings per share?
a. $4.00
b. $0.06
$26,000 - $2,000
c. $16.67 = $4.00
6,000
d. $66.67

Using
Using the
the Financial
Statements
Using the Statement of Stockholders Equity

Illustration 2-12
Most companies use
a statement of
stockholders
equity, rather than a
retained earnings
statement, so that
they can report all
changes in
stockholders equity
accounts.
LO 3 Explain the relationship between a retained earnings

2-26 statement and a statement of stockholders equity.
Using
Using the
the Financial
Statements
Using the Statement of Stockholders Equity

Observations from this financial statement of Best Buy:
Common stock increased in the first year as the result of an
issuance of shares.
Common stock decreased during the second year because
the stock issuance was much smaller than the stock
repurchase.
Best Buy paid dividends each year.
For many years, Best Buy did not pay dividends, even
though it was profitable and could do so.
2-27 LO 3
Using
Using the
the Financial
Statements
Review Question
The balance in retained earnings is not affected by:
a. net income
b. net loss
c. issuance of common stock
d. dividends
LO 3 Explain the relationship between a retained earnings

2-28 statement and a statement of stockholders equity.
Using
Using the
the
Financial
Financial
Statements
Statements
Using a
Classified
Balance Sheet
Illustration 2-13
2-29
Using
Using aa Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Liquiditythe ability to pay obligations expected to become

due within the next year or operating cycle.
Illustration 2-14
Working capital is the difference between the amounts of

current assets and current liabilities.
Best Buy had working capital in 2011 of $1,810 million

($10,473 million - $8,663 million).
LO 4 Identify and compute ratios for analyzing a companys

2-30 liquidity and solvency using a balance sheet.
Liquidity
Using
Using aa Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet Ratio
Liquidity ratios measure the short-term ability to pay maturing

obligations and to meet unexpected needs for cash.
Illustration 2-15
For every dollar of current liabilities, Best Buy has $1.21 of current assets.
2-32
Using
Using aa Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Solvencythe ability to pay interest as it comes due and to

repay the balance of a debt due at its maturity.
Solvency ratios measure the ability of the company to

survive over a long period of time.
Helpful Hint Some users evaluate solvency

using a ratio of liabilities divided by stockholders
equity. The higher this debt to equity ratio, the
lower is a companys solvency.

Solvency
Using
Using aa Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet Ratio
Debt to assets ratio measures the percentage of total financing

provided by creditors rather than stockholders.
Illustration 2-16
The 2011 ratio means that every dollar of assets was financed by 59 cents of debt.
Using
Using aa Classified
Classified Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Review Question
The following ratios are available for Leer Inc. and Stable Inc.
Compared to Stable Inc., Leer Inc. has:

a. higher liquidity, higher solvency, and higher profitability.
b. lower liquidity, higher solvency, and higher profitability.
c. higher liquidity, lower solvency, and higher profitability.
d. higher liquidity and lower solvency, but profitability cannot be
compared based on information provided.
2-35 LO 4
2-36
Using
Using the
the Financial
Statements
In the Statement of Cash Flows, cash
provided by operating activities fails to
take into account that a company must
invest in new PP&E and must maintain dividends at current levels to
satisfy investors.
Free cash flow is a measurement to provide additional insight

regarding a companys cash-generating ability.
2-37 LO 5 Use the statement of cash flows to evaluate solvency.

Using
Using the
the Financial
Statements
Illustration: MPC produced and sold
10,000 personal computers this year. It
reported $100,000 cash provided by
operating activities. In order to maintain production at 10,000
computers, MPC invested $15,000 in equipment. It chose to pay
$5,000 in dividends. Calculate free cash flow.
Cash provided by operating activities $100,000

Less: Expenditures on property, plant, and equipment -15,000
Dividends paid 5,000
Free cash flow $ 80,000
2-38 LO 5 Use the statement of cash flows to evaluate solvency.

Financial
Financial Reporting
Reporting Concepts
Concepts
The Standard-Setting Environment

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) - A set of
rules and practices, having substantial authoritative support, that
the accounting profession recognizes as a general guide for
financial reporting purposes.
Standard-setting bodies determine these guidelines:

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) International Note
Over 115 countries
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) use international
standards (called
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) IFRS).
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)
2-39 LO 6 Explain the meaning of generally accepted accounting principles.

Financial
Financial Reporting
Reporting Concepts
Concepts
Review Question
Generally accepted accounting principles are:
a. a set of standards and rules that are recognized as

a general guide for financial reporting.
b. usually established by the Internal Revenue

Service.
c. the guidelines used to resolve ethical dilemmas.
d. fundamental truths that can be derived from the

laws of nature.
2-40 LO 6 Explain the meaning of generally accepted accounting principles.

2-41
Financial
Financial Reporting
Reporting Concepts
Concepts
Qualities of Useful Information

According to the FASB, useful information should possess two
fundamental qualities, relevance and faithful representation.
Relevance Accounting information has relevance if it would
make a difference in a business decision. Information is
considered relevant if it provides information that has
predictive value, that is, helps provide accurate expectations
about the future, and has confirmatory value, that is,
confirms or corrects prior expectations. Materiality is a
company-specific aspect of relevance. An item is material
when its size makes it likely to influence the decision of an
investor or creditor.
2-42 LO 7
Financial
Financial Reporting
Reporting Concepts
Concepts

According to the FASB, useful information should possess two
fundamental qualities, relevance and faithful representation.
Faithful Representation Faithful representation means
that information accurately depicts what really happened. To
provide a faithful representation, information must be
complete (nothing important has been omitted), neutral (is
not biased toward one position or another), and free from
error.
2-43 LO 7 Discuss financial reporting concepts.

Financial
Financial Reporting
Reporting Concepts
Concepts

Enhancing Qualities
Comparability Information is Information has the

results when different verifiable if quality of
companies use the independent understandability
same accounting observers, using the if it is presented in a
principles. same methods, obtain clear and concise
similar results. fashion.
Consistency means
that a company uses For accounting information to
the same accounting have relevance, it must be
principles and methods timely.
from year to year.
2-45
Financial
Financial Reporting
Reporting Concepts
Concepts
Assumptions in Financial Reporting Illustration 2-18
Monetary Unit Economic Entity

Requires that only those things
States that every economic
that can be expressed in
entity can be separately
money are included in the
identified and accounted for.
accounting records.

Financial
Financial Reporting
Reporting Concepts
Concepts
Assumptions in Financial Reporting Illustration 2-18
Periodicity Going Concern

States that the life of a The business will remain in
business can be divided into operation for the
artificial time periods. foreseeable future.

Financial
Financial Reporting
Reporting Concepts
Concepts
Principles in Financial Reporting

Measurement Principles
Historical Cost Fair Value Full disclosure

Or cost principle, Indicates that Requires that
dictates that assets and companies disclose
companies record liabilities should be all circumstances
assets at their reported at fair and events that
cost. value (the price would make a
received to sell an difference to
asset or settle financial statement
a liability). users.

Financial
Financial Reporting
Reporting Concepts
Concepts
Cost Constraint
Cost Constraint
Accounting standard-setters weigh
the cost that companies will incur to
provide the information against the
benefit that financial statement
users will gain from having the
information available.

The following items guide the FASB when it creates accounting
standards.
Relevance Periodicity assumption
Faithful representation Going concern assumption
Comparability Historical cost principle
Consistency Full disclosure principle
Monetary unit assumption Materiality
Economic entity assumption
Match each item above with a description below.

1. Ability to easily evaluate one companys results Comparability
relative to anothers.
2. Belief that a company will continue to operate for the
Going concern
foreseeable future.
3. The judgment concerning whether an item is large
Materiality
enough to matter to decision-makers.

standards.

4. The reporting of all information that would make a Full disclosure
difference to financial statement users.
5. The practice of preparing financial statements at
Periodicity
regular intervals.
6. The quality of information that indicates the
Relevance
information makes a difference in a decision.

standards.

7. Belief that items should be reported on the balance Historical cost
sheet at the price that was paid to acquire the item.
8. A companys use of the same accounting principles
Consistency
and methods from year to year.
9. Tracing accounting events to particular companies. Economic entity

standards.

10. The desire to minimize errors and bias in financial Faithful
statements. representation
11. Reporting only those things that can be measured in Monetary unit
dollars.

Financial
Financial Reporting
Reporting Concepts
Concepts
Review Question
What is the primary criterion by which accounting
information can be judged?
a. Consistency.
b. Predictive value.
c. Usefulness for decision making.
d. Comparability.

Key Points
IFRS recommends but does not require the use of the title
statement of financial position rather than balance sheet.
The format of statement of financial position information is often
presented differently under IFRS. Most companies that follow
IFRS present statement of financial position information in this
order:
1. Noncurrent assets
2. Current assets 4. Noncurrent liabilities
3. Equity 5. Current liabilities
2-55 LO 8 Compare the classified balance sheet format under GAAP and IFRS.
Key Points
IFRS requires a classified statement of financial position except
in very limited situations. IFRS follows the same guidelines as
this textbook for distinguishing between current and noncurrent
assets and liabilities.
Under IFRS, current assets are usually listed in the reverse
order of liquidity.
Some companies report the subtotal net assets, which equals
total assets minus total liabilities.
Key Points
IFRS has many differences in terminology. In the investment
category stock is called shares, and common stock is called
share capitalordinary.
Both IFRS and GAAP require disclosures about (1) accounting
policies followed, (2) judgments that management has made in
the process of applying the entitys accounting policies, and (3)
the key assumptions and estimation uncertainty that could
result in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of
assets and liabilities within the next financial year.
Key Points
Comparative prior-period information must be presented and
financial statements must be prepared annually.
Both GAAP and IFRS are increasing the use of fair value to
report assets. As examples, under IFRS companies can apply
fair value to property, plant, and equipment; natural resources;
and in some cases intangible assets.
Recently, the IASB and FASB completed the first phase of a
jointly created conceptual framework.
Key Points
The monetary unit assumption is part of each framework.
However, the unit of measure will vary depending on the
currency used (e.g., Chinese yuan, Japanese yen, and British
pound).
The economic entity assumption is also part of each framework
although some cultural differences result in differences in its
application. For example, in Japan many companies have
formed alliances that are so strong that they act similar to
related corporate divisions although they are not actually part of
the same company.
Looking to the Future
The IASB and the FASB are working on a project to converge their
standards related to financial statement presentation. A key feature of
the proposed framework is that each of the statements will be
organized in the same format, to separate an entitys financing
activities from its operating and investing activities and, further, to
separate financing activities into transactions with owners and
creditors.
The same classifications used in the statement of financial position

would also be used in the income statement and the statement of cash
flows.
IFRS Practice
Which of the following statements is false?
a) The monetary unit assumption is used under IFRS.
b) Under IFRS, companies sometimes net liabilities against

assets to report net assets.
c) The FASB and IASB are working on a joint conceptual

framework project.
d) Under IFRS, the statement of financial position is usually

referred to as the statement of assets and equity.
IFRS Practice
A company has purchased a tract of land and expects to build a
production plant on the land in approximately 5 years. During the 5
years before construction, the land will be idle. Under IFRS, the
land should be reported as:
a) land expense.
b) property, plant, and equipment.
c) an intangible asset.
d) a long-term investment.
IFRS Practice
Current assets under IFRS are listed generally:
a) by importance.
b) in the reverse order of their expected conversion to cash.
c) by longevity.
d) alphabetically.
Copyright
Copyright
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the
express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser
may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for
errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these
programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
2-64

A Further Look at Financial Statements: Financial Accounting, Seventh Edition

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

A Further Look at Financial Statements: Financial Accounting, Seventh Edition

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

A FURTHER LOOK

1. Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

2. Identify tools for analyzing financial statements and ratios for

3. Explain the relationship between a retained earnings statement and a

4. Identify and compute ratios for analyzing a companys liquidity and

5. Use the statement of cash flows to evaluate solvency.

6. Explain the meaning of generally accepted accounting principles.

7. Discuss financial reporting concepts.

Standard Classifications Illustration 2-1

2-4 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

2-7 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

Current Assets Illustration 2-3

Companies list current asset accounts in the order they expect to

2-8 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

d. Property, plant, and equipment.

2-9 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

Investments in stocks and bonds of other corporations that

Property, Plant, and Equipment

Includes land, buildings, equipment, delivery vehicles, and

2-11 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

Property, Plant, and Equipment

2-12 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

Intangible Assets Helpful Hint

trademarks or trade names.

2-14 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

2-15 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

2-16 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

2-17 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

2-18 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

2-19 LO 1 Identify the sections of a classified balance sheet.

A ratio expresses the mathematical relationship between

A single ratio by itself is not very meaningful.

LO 2 Identify tools for analyzing financial statements and

LO 2 Identify tools for analyzing financial statements and

Using the Income Statement Illustration 2-10

LO 2 Identify tools for analyzing financial statements and

Illustration: Earnings per share (EPS) measures the net

2-24 $3.14 $3.16 LO 2

LO 2 Identify tools for analyzing financial statements and

Using the Statement of Stockholders Equity

LO 3 Explain the relationship between a retained earnings

Using the Statement of Stockholders Equity

LO 3 Explain the relationship between a retained earnings

Liquiditythe ability to pay obligations expected to become

Working capital is the difference between the amounts of

Best Buy had working capital in 2011 of $1,810 million

LO 4 Identify and compute ratios for analyzing a companys

Liquidity ratios measure the short-term ability to pay maturing

Solvencythe ability to pay interest as it comes due and to

Solvency ratios measure the ability of the company to

Helpful Hint Some users evaluate solvency

LO 4 Identify and compute ratios for analyzing a companys

Debt to assets ratio measures the percentage of total financing

Compared to Stable Inc., Leer Inc. has:

Free cash flow is a measurement to provide additional insight

2-37 LO 5 Use the statement of cash flows to evaluate solvency.

Cash provided by operating activities $100,000

2-38 LO 5 Use the statement of cash flows to evaluate solvency.

The Standard-Setting Environment

Standard-setting bodies determine these guidelines:

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)

2-39 LO 6 Explain the meaning of generally accepted accounting principles.

a. a set of standards and rules that are recognized as