WCDMA Principles

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

Internal Use
Mobile Network Evolution

2.75G
2.5G
2G Enhanced Data
1G Packet Data
Digital WCDMA
Analogue
EDGE 2M, 14M
GSM
GPRS 384K
NMT
TDMA 115K TD-SCDMA
2M
TACS
PDC

AMPS cdma2000
CDMA 1X 1X EV-DO
CDMA
144K 2.4M

1982-1996+ 1992-2002+ 2001+ 2004+ 2002-2004+

Internal Use
Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000

IMT2000 1985: ITU-T form FPLMTS.

Later renamed as IMT-2000 in
1996
3GPP 3GPP2 CWTS ETSI 1992: 230MHz spectrum was
allocated in WARC92

Standardization organizations
such as 3GPP(1998.12),
3GPP2(1999) were
ITU-DS ITU-SC ITU-MC ITU-TC ITU-FT established

WCDMA UWC-136 CDMA2000 UMTS DECT 2000: All the network

TDD standards of IMT2000 were
completed

Family concept was

adopted in network part

Internal Use
Main CDMA 3G Proposals

Regional Standard Radio Transmission

Organization(RSO) Technology(RTT)

U.S. TIA(TR 45.5) cdma2000

T1 WCDMA

Korea TTA TTA1(~WCDMA)

TTA2(~cdma2000)

Japan ARIB WCDMA

Europe ETSI(SMG 2) WCDMA

China CWTS TD-SCDMA

Internal Use
Target of IMT2000

Global uniform frequency band and standard, global seamless

coverage
High efficient spectrum utility
High quality of service, high security
Easy for evolution from 2G system

Providing multimedia service

Car speed environment: 144kbps
Walk speed environment: 384kbps
Indoor environment: 2048kbps

Internal Use
QoS Requirements of Different Services

Sensitivity
of error

conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Sensitivity
of delay

Internal Use
WCDMA FDD

WCDMA FDD
Multiple access method DS-CDMA
Duplex Method Frequency Division
Frequency Band Uplink : 1920-1980MHz, Downlink : 2110-
2170MHz
Base Station Synchronization Asynchronous/Synchronous operation
Chip Rate 3.84Mcps
Frame Length 10ms
Service multiplexing Multiple Services with different QoS are
multiplexed on a single connection
Multi-user detection, smart antennas Supported by standard, optional in
implementation
Power Control Fast Power Control, 1.5KHz
Handover Softer, Soft & Hard Handover
Transmit Diversity Open & Closed Loop
Voice Coding AMR Voice Coding, rate 4.75kb 12.2kbps

Internal Use
WCDMA Voice Evolution

Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of

4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps

Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to improve system

capacity

Provide high fidelity voice mode

Fast power control

Internal Use
Data Service Evolution of WCDMA

Support maximum 2Mbps data service

Support packet switch

Adopt ATM platform currently

Provide QoS

Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share

Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better

Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric data

service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV

Internal Use
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

Internal Use
WCDMA Network Structure

CS domain
MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN/other PLMN
GSM /GPRS BSS

A
BSC
BTS HLR/AUC

SCE
PCU
Gb
SS7
SMS
SCP
Iu-CS
RNC
PS backbone Internet,
NodeB Iu-PS Intranet
SGSN
GGSN

UTRAN CG BG
PS domain
Other PLMN

Internal Use
WCDMA Interfaces

MSC SGSN
MSC SGSN
Iu-CS Iu-PS
A Interface
Gb

Iur
BSC RNC RNC

BSS A-bis
UTRAN Iub Iub

BTS NodeB NodeB

Um Uu Uu

UE UE UE

GSM WCDMA

Internal Use
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies
Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

Internal Use
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies

Section 1
- Correlation Function
- OVSF and PN code
- Information Spreading & Recovery
- Rake Receiver

Section 2
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram

Section 3
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity

Internal Use
Correlation Function
Correlation is a measure of similarity between any two arbitrary
signals.
EXAMPLE:

+1
0
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1 1 -1 1
+1 1 1 1 1
0 1 correlation
-1 Identical signals

+1
0
-1
-1 1 -1 1
11 11
+1 -1 1 -1 1
0 Zero correlation
-1 Orthogonal signals

Internal Use
Orthogonal Function

Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences are

orthogonal if their XOR output contains equal number of 1s and 0s

EXAMPLE:

0000 1010
0101 0101
0101 1111

Internal Use
OVSF & Walsh Code

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Internal Use
SF and Service Rate

Symbol Rate*SF=Chip Rate

In WCDMA system, if chip rate=3.84MHz, SF=4, then symbol
rate=960Kbps;

Symbol Rate=(Service Rate + Checking Code)*Channel Coding Rate*

Repeat or Puncture Rate
In WCDMA system, if service rate=384Kbps, channel coding=1/3 Turbo
coding, then symbol rate=960Kbps;

Internal Use
Scrambling Code

Scrambling codes
GOLD sequence.
Uplink scrambling codes
Uplink scrambling codes are used to distinguish different UEs

Downlink scrambling codes

For downlink physical channels, a total of 2 18-1 = 262,143 scrambling
codes can be generated.
Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
8192 codes are divided into 512 groups, each of which contains 16
scrambling codes.
The first scrambling code of each group is called primary scrambling
code (PSC), and the other 15 ones are secondary scrambling codes
(SSC).

Internal Use
OVSF and PN Code Usage

OVSF Code PN Code

Usage Uplink : Separate physical Uplink : Separation of UEs
data (DPDCH) & control
channels (DPCCH) from the
same terminal
Downlink : Separate
downlink connections to Downlink : Separation of
different UEs within the cell cells

Length Uplink : 4 256 chips Uplink/Downlink :

Downlink : 4 512 chips 10ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one Uplink : Several Million
scrambling factor = Downlink : 512
spreading factor
Code Family Orthogonal Variable Gold code
Spreading Factor (OVSF)
Bandwidth Spreading increase No change in transmission
transmission bandwidth bandwidth

Internal Use
Information spreading over orthogonal codes

+1
-1

User Input 1 0 0 1 1

Orthogonal
Sequence 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
Tx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
+1
-1

Internal Use
Information recovery

Rx Data
1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
Correct Function 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
1111 0000 0000 1111 1111
1 0 0 1 1
+1

-1

Rx Data
1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
Incorrect Function 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101
1100 0011 0011 1100 1100
? ? ? ? ?

Internal Use
Spreading and De-spreading

The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain
information is spread.

Sf Sf
information
information

f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before spreading The spectrum after spreading

Sf Sf
information
Interference/noise
Interference/noise
information

f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before despreading The spectrum after despreading

information pulse interference White noise

S(f) is the energy density.

Internal Use
Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1

Correlator 2 Combiner The combined

Receive set signal
Correlator 3

Calculate the
Searcher correlator
time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance

the receive performance of the system

Internal Use
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies

Section 1
- Correlation Function
- OVSF and PN code
- Information Spreading & Recovery
- Rake Receiver

Section 2
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram

Section 3
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity

Internal Use
Block Diagram of WCDMA System

Source Channel
coding Spreading Modulation
coding

Radio channel

Source Channel
Despreading Demodulation
decoding decoding

Internal Use
Common Technical Terms

Bit, Symbol, Chip:

A bit is the input data which contain information
A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the
block interleaving
A chip is the output of spreading

Processing Gain:
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
Closely related to spreading factor, SF.

Forward direction/ Downlink : Information path from base station to

mobile station
Reverse direction/ Uplink : Information path from mobile station to
base station

Internal Use
WCDMA System

Source Coding
Voice : Adaptive multirate technique with rate 4.75kbps 12.2kbps

Channel Coding
CRC Attachment.
Check for error during transmission.
Voice : CRC check returns error, discard information
Data : CRC check returns error; ask for retransmission

Convolutional or Turbo Coding

Convolution coding for voice and low speed signaling
Turbo Coding for large data transmission. Better performance than convolutional
coding

Interleaving
Distribute error over data transmitted

Rate Matching
Match symbol rate to that accepted by spreading
Rate matching technique : Repeat or puncturing

Internal Use
WCDMA System

Spreading
Spreading (OVSF code)
SF 4 512, depends on data rate

Scrambling (Gold Code)

Modulation
QPSK

Internal Use
Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies

Section 1
- Correlation Function
- OVSF and PN code
- Information Spreading & Recovery
- Rake Receiver

Section 2
- WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram

Section 3
- Power Control
- Handover
- Diversity

Internal Use
Power Control

Open Loop Power Control

Set initial power for transmission of PRACH

Closed Loop Power Control

Inner Loop Power Control
Uplink : Controls power of NodeB.
Downlink : Ensures all power received at NodeB are just enough to
maintain satisfactory connection
Fast Power Control : 1.5khz

Outer Loop Power Control

Set SIRthreshold based on BER/BLER

Internal Use
Open Loop Power Control
Controlled by UE.
Determine UE initial transmission power for random access procedure.
Not in use when inner loop power control running.
UE obtain information from network on:
CPICH power
Uplink interference level
Constant value (Default = 2dB)

UE Initial Power = CPICH power CPICH_RSCP + UL interference +

Constant

PRACH Tx power

System information :
CPICH power, UL interference & constant

Internal Use
Inner Closed Loop Power Control

Power Control Bit

Located in UE & NodeB

SIR threshold Controls power of dedicated physical channels

Power controls occurs at 1500Hz, thus known as
(SIR)measured fast power control
NodeB and UE continuously measure and compare
UE3 SIRmeasured with SIRthreshold value, and inform each
NodeB other to increase /reduce its power accordingly.

UE1 UE2

Without Power Control With Optimum Power Control

Received power at NodeB

Received power at NodeB

UE2
UE4 UE3
UE1 UE1 UE2 UE3 UE4
UE4

Internal Use
Outer Closed Loop Power Control

Adjust SIR for every user

Needed to keep track of changes in radio environment

Aims to provide required quality

If SIRthreshold reaches its maximum, system has to perform

- inter-frequency/inter-system handover
- RRC connection release

SIR threshold RNC

BER/BLER Value

Change in (SIR)threshold

Internal Use
Handover

Softer handover
- Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the same BTS
- Radio link connection to new target cell is created before existing connection
being deleted.

Soft handover
- Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the different BTSs

Hard handover
- Condition of hard handover:
Intra-frequency handover, cells controlled by different RNCs and no Iur interface
between them
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system handover

Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption

does not effect the user communication

Internal Use
Soft/Softer Handover
Selection combination in the RNC during soft handoff

Maximum ratio combination in the NodeB during softer handoffs

Power received from

a single sector

Combine all the

power from each
sector

Internal Use
 Transmission Diversity : STTD

B0 B1 B2 B3 Pa
th
1

Restoring data stream

B0 B1 B2 B3 Transmission Antenna 1
diversity B0 B1 B2 B3
processing

2
Path
B2 B3 B0 B1

Antenna 2

Space Time transmit Diversity (STTD)

Internal Use
Transmission Diversity : TSTD

Data stream 1 Pa
th
1

Data stream Restoring data stream

Transmission Antenna 1
diversity
processing

2
Path
Data stream 2

Antenna 2

Time Switch transmit Diversity (TSTD)

Used in synchronization physical channel ( SCH)

Internal Use
Internal Use