GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT

ANDI SEPTIANA,S.Si, M.Si, M.Sc

 Growth vs Development
Growth
Quantitative
Number, size,
and volume
increase

Development
Qualitative
Emergence of
specialized
body parts
 1.3 DEVELOPMENT

Development is a term that includes all

changes that an organism goes trough
its life cycle from germination of the
seed to senescence.
 PERBEDAAN ANTARA
PERTUMBUHAN DENGAN
PERKEMBANGAN
Pertumbuhan Perkembangan
dapat diukur secara tidak dapat
kwantitatif karena dinyatakan secara
mudah diamati. kwantitatif, melainkan
ada perubahan secara kwalitatif
jumlah dan ukuran. karena terjadi
perubahan menuju
dapat dinyatakan
dengan angka, tingkat kedewasaan
grafik, dsb. /pematangan
organisme.
MEASURING GROWTH

Increase in fresh weight

Increase in dry weight
Volume
Length
Height
Surface area
MEASURING GROWTH

Definition:

Size increase by cell division and

enlargement, including synthesis of new
cellular material and organization of
subcellular organelles.
 1.1.2 Phases of Growth
The period of growth is generally
divided into three phases, namely :
a) Meristematic
b) Elongation
c) Maturation
 1.1.3 Growth Rates
The increased growth per unit time is
termed as growth rate.
Rate of growth can be expressed
mathematically.
The two ways of representing growth
rates are :
a) Arithmetic growth rate
b) Geometric growth rate
 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF
GROWTH RATES

i) Arithmetic growth ii) Geometric growth

curve curve
Types of Growth

1. Determinant
Terminal shoot apex flowers
2. Indeterminant
Axillary buds flower
Terminal buds vegetative
3. Monocarpic
Flower once then die
4. Polycarpic
Flower repeatedly over several seasons
SHOOT GROWTH
PATTERNS
Annuals

Herbaceous (nonwoody) plants

Complete life cycle in one growing
season
SHOOT GROWTH
PATTERNS
Biennials

Herbaceous plants
Require two growing seasons to
complete their life cycle
e.g. celery, beets, cabbage, Brussels
sprouts
SHOOT GROWTH
PATTERNS
Perennials

Either herbaceous or woody

Herbaceous roots live indefinitely
Shoot growth resumes in spring from adventitious
buds in crown
Woody roots and shoots live indefinitely
Growth varies with annual environment and zone
Pronounced diurnal variation in shoot growth; night
greater
 Adjustment in the Rate
and Direction of Growth
Plant tropism
Shoot turns toward or away from
an environmental stimulus
Gravitropism
Response to gravity
Phototropism in Coleotile
HOW PLANTS GROW

Meristems
Dicots
Apical meristems vegetative buds
shoot tips
axils of leaves
Cells divide/redivide by mitosis/cytokinesis
Cell division/elongation causes shoot growth
Similar meristematic cells at root tips
HOW PLANTS GROW

Meristems (cont)

Secondary growth in woody perennials

Increase in diameter
due to meristematic regions
vascular cambium
xylem to inside, phloem to outside
cork cambium
external to vascular cambium
produces cork in the bark layer
PLANT GROWTH
REGULATORS
1. Endogenous
Substance produced by a plant that affects
the pattern of growth and development.
2. Exogenous
Substance applied to the plant that alters
growth and development in the same way
that endogenous substances do.
3. Environment factors
light, water, temperature, etc
PLANT GROWTH
REGULATORS
Plant hormones are natural
Plant growth regulators include:
Plant hormones (natural)
Plant hormones (synthetic)
Non-nutrient chemicals
Five groups of natural plant hormones:
Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene,
and Abscisic acid
GENETIC FACTORS
AFFECTING GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
DNA directs growth and differentiation
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions
Structural genes
Genes involved in protein synthesis
Operator genes
Regulate structural genes
Regulatory genes
Regulate operator genes
ENVIRONMENT FACTOR
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
INFLUENCING PLANT GROWTH

Light
Temperature
Water
Gases
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
INFLUENCING PLANT GROWTH

Light
Suns radiation
not all reaches earth; atmosphere absorbs
much
visible (and some invisible) rays pass, warming
surface
reradiation warms atmosphere
Intensity
high in deserts; no clouds, dry air
low in cloudy, humid regions
day length varies during year due to tilt
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
INFLUENCING PLANT GROWTH

Light (cont)
importance of phytochrome in plant
responses
plants detect ratio of red:far-red light
red light full sun
yields sturdy, branched, compact, dark green plants
far-red light crowded, shaded
fields/greenhouses
plants tall, spindly, weak, few branches; leaves light
green
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
INFLUENCING PLANT GROWTH

Light (cont)
narrow band affects plant photoreaction processes
PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation)
400-700nm
stomates regulated by red (660nm), blue (440nm)
photomorphogenesis shape determined by light
controlled by pigment phytochrome
phytochrome absorbs red (660nm) and far-red (730nm)
but not at the same time
pigment changes form as it absorbs each wavelength
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
INFLUENCING PLANT GROWTH

Light (cont)
Photoperiodism response to varying
length of light and dark
shorter days (longer nights)
onset of dormancy
fall leaf color
flower initiation in strawberry, poinsettia,
chrysanthemum
tubers/tuberous roots begin to form
longer days (shorter nights)
bulbs of onion begin to form
flower initiation in spinach, sugar beets, winter barley
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
INFLUENCING PLANT GROWTH

Temperature
correlates with seasonal variation of light
intensity
temperate-region growth between 39F and
122F
high light intensity creates heat; sunburned
low temp injury associated with frosts; heat loss
by radiation contributes
opaque cover reduces radiation heat loss
burning smudge pots radiate heat to citrus
trees
wind machines circulate warm air from
temperature inversions
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
INFLUENCING PLANT GROWTH

Water
most growing plants contain about 90% water
amount needed for growth varies with plant
and light intensity
transpiration drives water uptake from soil
water pulled through xylem
exits via stomates
evapotranspiration - total loss of water from
soil
loss from soil evaporation and plant transpiration
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
INFLUENCING PLANT GROWTH

Gases
Nitrogen is most abundant
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are most
important
plants use CO2 for photosynthesis; give off O 2
plants use O2 for respiration; give off CO2
stomatal opening and closing related to CO 2 levels?
oxygen for respiration limited in waterlogged soils
increased CO2 levels in atmosphere associated with
global warming
additional pollutants harm plants
In Conclusion

Plant growth involves increases

in the number, size, and volume
of cells by mitosis
Interactions among genes,
hormones, and the environment
influence plant growth
In Conclusion

Plant hormones bring about patterns

of growth and development
Once the primary root breaks through
the seed coat, germination ends
After germination, a plant increases in
volume and mass
Plants make tropic responses to the
environment
Terima kas