Week 13 & 14

UNSTEADY STATE HEAT

& MASS TRANSFER
 Scopes

Equation (5.2-3):
Graphs
Lumped capacity
Method or
Newtonian heating
or cooling method
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER
5.2 A & B
Negligible/ very low internal conductive resistance
hA

t Lumped capacity
T T c V Method or Newtonian
e p Eq. 5.2-3 heating or cooling
To T
method
where
To = temperature of object at t = 0 (K)

T = average temperature of object at t =

t
T = (sudden change) ambient temperature at t = 0
A = surface area of object (m2)
V = volume of object (m3)
= density of object (kg/m3)
t = time (s)
Q = total amount of heat transferred from the object
FKKKSA
 Negligible Internal Resistance
An assumption
Test assumption using Biot Number (NBi)

NBi= hx1/k < 0.1

x1? characteristic dimension of the body (Volume/Area)

Sphere: x1 = r/3 Eq. (5.2-5)
Long cylinder: x1 = r/2 Eq. (5.2-5)
Long Square rod: x1 = x/2 Eq. (5.2-5)
 Example 5.2-1
Cooling of a Steel Ball
 5.2C Total Heat Transferred
q(t) = h A (T T) Eq. 5.2-8

Put Eq. 5.2-3 into Eq. 5.2-8

hA


c V
t
T T
e p Eq. 5.2-3
To T

q(t) = h A (T0 T)e-(hA/cp V)t Eq. 5.2-9

Integrate Eq. 5.2-9

(hA/c V)t
Q cp V(To T )[1 e p
]
 Example 5.2-2
Total Amount of Heat in Cooling
Continued from Example 5.2-1
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Internal resistance NOT negligible
Flat plate with negligible surface conv. resistance :

No convective resistance and unsteady-state conduction in the x-direction only

where
T = T0 and c = c0 at t =0
T1 or c1 = sudden change in ambient temperature or concentration at t = 0
T or c = temperature or concentration in solid at t = t
FKKKSA
 USS-Scopes
5.2 A,B, C: Negligible Internal Conductive
Resistance
5.3A : USS- Various Geometries
5.3B : Infinite Semi-Solid
5.3C : Large Flat Plat
5.3D: Long Cylinder
5.3E: Sphere
5.3F: 2-D, 3D
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Kk c
Semi-infinte solid: DABt
DAB
c c0
c1
c
K 0

where
= thermal diffusivity = k/cp (m2/s)
h, kc = convective transfer coefficient
t = time (s)
DAB = mass diffusivity
x
K = equilibrium distribution coefficient = cLi/ci 2 DABt
FKKKSA
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Large flat plate:

where
m = relative resistance
m k DAB c1
hx1 m c
Kk c x1 K
c1
c
n = relative position K 0
n xx
1

X = relative time
Y = unacccomplished change, a dimensionless ratio DABt
x12
FKKKSA
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Temperature (or concentration) at center of a large flate plate:

D
m AB
Kk c x1
c1
c
K
c1
c
K 0

DABt
x12
FKKKSA
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Long cylinder:

where
m = relative resistance
D
m k m AB
hx1 Kk c x1

n = relative position
n xx
c1
1
c
K
c1
c
K 0

DABt
FKKKSA x12
 Heat vs. Mass Transfer
Table 7.1-1
Dimensions USS Diffusion Chart USS Heat Transfer
(pg 463, 464) Chart

Semi-infinite solid Table 7.1-1 Figure 5.3-3

Flat Plate Table 7.1-1 Figure 5.3-3, 5.3-6

Long cylinder Table 7.1-1 Figure 5.3-7, 5.3-8

Sphere Table 7.1-1 Figure 5.3-9, 5.3-10

Average Conc., zero Table 7.1-1 Figure 5.3-13

convective
resistance
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Temperature (or concentration) at center of a long cylinder:
D
m AB
Kk c x1

c1
c
K
c1
c
K 0

DABt
x12
FKKKSA
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Sphere:

where
m = relative resistance
D
m k m AB
hx1 Kk c x1
n = relative position
n xx
1
c1
c
K
c1
c
K 0

DABt
FKKKSA x12
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Temperature (or concentration) at the center of a sphere:
D
m AB
Kk c x1

c1
c
K
c1
c
K 0

DABt
x12
FKKKSA
Heat Transfer:
Pg. 360, Example. 5.2-1&-2 (negligble
Rcond)
Pg 364, Exam. 5.3-1
Pg. 366, Exam 5.3-2
Pg. 372, Exam. 5.3-3
Mass Transfer:
Pg. 463, Example 7.1-1
Pg. 465, Example 7.1-2
 EXAMPLE 5.3-3
h= 4540 W/m2.K
x1 =0.0681/2
k= 0.83W/m.K
=0.03405 m
= 2.007x10-7 m2/s
Diameter=68.1mm/0.0681m
To= 29.4C
T=115.6 C (steam) Find T at middle, x=0
t = 0.75hr n =x/x1 = 0/x1= 0
m=k/hx1=0.00537
q q
X= t/ x12 =0.468
From Figure 5.3-8
Find T in the middle of can Y=0.13= 115.6-T/115.6-29.4
T= 104.4 C
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
c1
cz
Yz K c1
2- and 3-dimensional systems:
T1 Tx c1 K cx
Yx Yx cc0
T1 T0 K 1 c
K 0
c1
T1 Ty cy
Yy Yy K
T1 T0 c1
c
K 0
T1 Tz
Yz
T1 T0
Transfer in x, y, & z direction:
c1
T1 Tx, y, z c x, y, z
Yx,y,z = (Yx)(Yy)(Yz) = T T Kc1
1 0 c0
Transfer in x & y direction: K
c1
T1 Tx, y c x, y
K
Yx,y = (Yx)(Yy) = T T c1
1 0 c
K 0
FKKKSA
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Average temperature in a plate, cylinder and sphere with
negligible surface resistance:

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 Kuiz 2
Fig. 5.3-13 (USS Negligible Surface Resistance)
Find Tav for a Cylinder (Diameter+0.5m; Height 0.1 m) if
the cylinder (at 100C) was suddenly exposed to 0 C cool
air for 2hrs.
=2.007 x 10-7 m2/s
Solution:
t/a2= 2.007 x 10-7 (2x3600)/0.25^2 = 0.023; Ea: 0.18
t/c2= 2.007 x 10-7 (2x3600)/0.5^2 = 0.006; Ec: 0.055
E= Ea. Ec= (0.18)(0.055) = 0.0099~0.01
T1-Tav/T1-T0= 0.01; 0-Tav/0-100=0.01; Tav= 1C