SGDU 5024 LEADERSHIP IN

EDUCATION
(GROUP A)

LECTURER : MEJ (B) MUAAZAM BIN MOHAMAD

POWER AND
AUTHORITY
Whats the difference between
?power & authority
: Authority
.the right to make decisions
: Power
the actual influence over the
.organizations actions
!Authority is an ingredient

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?What is power
Having personal or positional
resources to change situations or
peoples attitudes & behaviors (Yukl,
1989)
Power is the ability to influence others
. (Lunenburg , 2012)
Power is a natural process in the fabric
of organizational life (Haugaard &
Clegg,2012; McClelland & Burnham,
. 2003)
Getting things done requires power
.(Pfeffer, 2003)
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Types of Power

Legitimate Referent
Coercive
Reward Expert
Control
over information Persuasiveness
Positional Resources Personal Resources

Personal & Positional resources need not be mutually exclusive

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Power: is ones capacity to influence
others,
Authority: is the right to direct
others.
Source of power ( Types of
power ).
1- Reward: power comes from ability
to reward others.
2- Coercive power: comes from
ability to punish others.
3- Legitimate power (Authority):
comes from position in hierarchy
4- Referent power: ( role model)
followers desire to be like the leader 6
School managers/leaders have
reward and coercive power over
their subordinates.
Expert and referent power comes
after manager and subordinates
have worked together for some
time.
These types of power makes
school managers to be selected
on the basis of their technical
expertise and personal leadership
qualities, including their ability to
serve as a role model 7
 Informal sources of power:
Personal power & not position
power:
1. Education, experience, drive,
and decisiveness are viewed
positively and help establish
credibility.
2. Location: individuals
communicate more with people
who are located near them in
the organization, which
increases their opportunities to
influence
In general, people are most 8
 Authority
Is legitimate power: determined by
structure, involves roles and relations
The right to command
Individuals are socialized very early to
respond to authority as children are
conditioned to accept the directives.
Authority inherent in the position, not
in the person
Authority is traditionally structured as
line or staff
Staff authority has no command
privileges.
-subordinates advise or assist
managers in the performance of their 9
Concepts of Power
Social power
use of power to influence people who
have control over who becomes, or
remains, a decision maker
Linked to political power (often trying
to gain some adv for themselves)
Linked to cultural power (have social
power bc are cultural icons)
E.g. charismatic politicians,
sportspeople, entertainers,
.academics
Concepts of Power
Cultural power
Use such power to gain an
advantage economic or legal
for the group
E.g. used by religious bodies,
ethnic minority groups, lobby
groups that have as their basis
.sex or sexuality
Concepts of Power
Economic power
Held by a person or entity that has
the money, means of production or
capital to influence law and decision-
makers
Low level (eg breadwinner of
family) or at high levels (majority
shareholder in company)
Use such power to gain political or
legal
Concepts of Power
Political power
Held by the person or group that is
able to control the running and
policy development of a decision-
. making or controlling body
Such power is used by favouring a
person/orgsn in a decisions-making
process
E.g union leaders, school prefects,
committee chairpersons, politicians
Concepts of Power
Legal power
Where the person/group has the
ability and authority to create
sanctions or inhibit the rights of
others ie where a group or person
can enforce its rights or create or
.apply the law
Other groups without genuine law
making power but with pol and eco
power e.g. power of media and
financial institutions to alter the law
E.g. parliament and courts
Techniques for Building
power:
1. Expand personal resources by:
a. Self awareness .
b. Vitality
c. Resilience
d. Mental and emotional strength

e. The ability to take risks . .

* building resources in any of these
areas will increase personal power

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Techniques for Building power.. Cont..

2. Present a powerful picture to

others :
(look, act, and talk )
Ex. The teacher who stands tall and
is poised (ready), assertive, articulate,
and well-groomed presents a
picture of personal control and
power .
3- Pay the entry fee :
Not clock watchers & do more, work
harder, and contribute to the
organization.
Attend meetings work in any shifts 16
..Techniques for Building power.. Cont

4- Determine the powerful in the

organization : Understanding and
working within both the formal and
informal power structure is
necessary.
The powerful individuals in the
informal structure are often more
difficult to identify than those in
the formal.
5- Learn the language and symbols
of the organization:
New members must understand
and socialize with organizational 17
..Techniques for Building power.. Cont

6- Learn how to use the

organization's priorities:
7- Increase professional skills and
knowledge.
performance must be
extraordinary to enhance power.
Excellence that reflects
knowledge and skill enhances a
teachers credibility and
determines how they are viewed
by others
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Techniques for Building power.. Cont..

8- Maintain a broad vision.:

Power builders always look upward
and outward.
People without vision rarely
become very powerful.
9- Use experts and seek counsel:
By looking to others for advice
and counsel
10- Be flexible.
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..Techniques for Building power.. Cont

11- Develop visibility and a voice in

the organization :
Newcomers must become active in
committees or groups and
develop observational, listening
and verbal skills.
12- Learn to toot your own horn:
- Self-respect: one who is talented
and unique.
13- Maintain a sense of humor:
Appropriate humor is very
effective. 20
..Techniques for Building power.. Cont

14- Empower other :

Leaders need to empower others
and followers must empower
their leaders.
Women are frequently bitter and
envious of other woman, they
withhold support and openly
attack.
Teachers do not gain their share
of power because they allow
others to divide them and 21
..Techniques for Building power.. Cont
Some leaders don't teach others
and not want to see others
succeed. These individuals have
been termed the queen bee
syndrome.
The queen bee wants to be the
main attraction and desires that
subordinates remain powerless.
Power bring more power, while
powerlessness generate more
powerlessness.
(the end) 22
 Using Power Effectively
Use power in ethical ways
Understand and use all of the
various types of power and
influence
Seek out jobs that allow you to
develop your power skills
Use power tempered by
maturity and self-control
Accept that influencing people
is an important part of the
Sharing Power:
Empowerment

Empowerment:
sharing power in such a
way that individuals learn
to believe in their ability
to do the job!
 Empowerments
Dimensions
Meaning - fit between Competence - belief
the work role and the that one has the
employees values ability to do the job
and beliefs well
E2s
Self-determination - Impact - belief that
having control over ones job makes a
the way one does difference within the
ones work organization
 Guidelines for
Empowering

Express confidence in employees

Set high performance
expectations
Create opportunities for
participative decision making
Remove bureaucratic constraints
that stifle autonomy
Set inspirational and meaningful
?What is Authority
The legitimate or acceptable use
of power
AUTHORITY
The right to use power to
influence or control the behavior
. of others
Note the difference between
power and authority: Authority
involves the right to tell others
. what to do

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Who has authority
?In your home
)parents (
? At school
)teachers, principal(
? In our community
)police officers, mayor(
Tell mehow is authority
? different from power
Concepts of Authority
Customary authority
Authority to wield power as a result
of history or tradition
Historically, men over women, non-
indigenous over indigenous
Often recognised at common law
E.g. by parents over children,
employers over employees, the state
over the individual (eg police, gvt
officers, defence etc)
Concepts of Authority
Statutory authority
Held by persons and orgnsn that are
provided with power by plt, eg
customs agencies and tax office
Concepts of Authority
Common law authority
Authority provided to persons and
groups by the courts
Eg employers once had common law
authority to completely control the
lives of employees; the position of
men in society was reinforced by
ability to own a wife at common law
Concepts of Authority
Delegated authority
Authority given to subordinate, or
lesser, people or orgnsns to make
decisions or principles on their own
.behalf
Used to increase administrative
.efficiency of an orgsn
Eg junior staff in business orgsns to
manage a budget without having to
bother managing director. Local
council given delegated authority to
make law
Power & Authority
When most people think about
power, their minds go
immediately to the control that
high-level leaders exert from
their positions atop the
. organizational hierarchy
But power extends far beyond
the formal authority that comes
from a title (or from having a
. corner office with a view)
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Thank You

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