Third Generation (3G) Mobile

Services

Ref.:
1.Chap. 5: Wireless Networks By P.
Nicopolitidis, M.S. Obaidat, et al, Ed.2003
2. Chap.4: Mobile communications, By
J.Shiller, II Ed. 2003
3. Chap.4,6,7,8: 3G wireless networks, By
C.Smith, D.Collins, II Ed. 2007
 1Gb/s

Data rate
GPRS, GSM
WiMAX
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
RFID

Wireless Network Classification

 WWAN Japan WLAN
USA Europe USA

China

*
4G WMAN

5G
*ITU redefined in Dec.,2010 that LTE, HSPA+, Mobile WiMAX referred as 4G

Wireless Evolution 1990-2010

Peak Data Rate
 Introduction
3G
IMT-2000:
* CDMA-2000
UMTS:
* WCDMA
* TD-CDMA
* TD-SCDMA
QoS
3.5G
 Third Generation (3G) System

Objective is to provide fairly high speed wireless

communication to support data and video in
addition to voice
Person should be able to talk to any one else in the
world with a PSTN quality (Global Roaming)
Persons can download and watch a movie
Can download & listen to music, surf Internet, or
play games (Multimedia services)
Can have video-conference
Portable devices always-connected to Internet.
One need not to dial a no. to connect to the
Internet
 3G concept started in 1992 by ITU called Internet
Mobile Telecommunication in a year 2000 (IMT-
2000)

IMT- 2000 named because

* 3G system available in 2000,
* operates at 2000MHz frequency,
* with data rate of 2000kb/s
 Data rate of
* 144kb/s for access in a moving car,
* 384kb/s for access as the user walks (Pedestrians)
* 2Mb/s for the stationary user (office or home)

Supports both packet-switched & circuit-switched

data services
 Five alternatives for smooth evaluation from 2G
systems
1. ETSI (European Telecom Standard Institute)
developed a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom
System) includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA)
with 5MHz BW
2. Other European UMTS is known as IMT-TC or
TD-CDMA. This approach is a combination of
W-CDMA & TDMA technology, intend to provide
upgrade path of GSM system (IMT-2000)
IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio
Interfaces

3 4
1 2 5
 3. CDMA-2000 is USA origin, uses multi-carrier
(MC-CDMA) with narrowband 1.25MHz BW like
CDMA (IS-95)

4. IMT-SC single carrier designed for TDMA only

network (TDD)

5. IMT-FT frequency time uses FDMA & TDMA.

It is out growth of DECT (Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecom) standard
 3GPP:

3GPP (3G Partnership project) standardized GSM

based system (W-CDMA)

3GPP2 standardized CDMA based system

(CDMA2000)
 Nokia & Ericsson backed W-CDMA
while US vendors including Qualcom & Lucent
backed CDMA-2000

The frequency for IMT-2000 allocated were

1885-2025MHz and
2110-2200MHz.

IMT-2000 was operational in 2002 at Japan,

Norway, Finland, Sweden, Korea, USA
Radio Transmission Technology
 2G IS-95 GSM- IS-136 & PDC

GPRS
IS-95B
2.5G
HSCSD EDGE

Cdma2000-1xRTT W-CDMA
3G Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO EDGE
TD-SCDMA
Cdma2000-3xRTT
3GPP2 3GPP 16
 CDMA-2000

In 2G system IS-95 known as CDMAone is based

on CDMA technology. 3G CDMA base systems
will require software and minor hardware changes
to the existing CDMAone
USA offers 3G services by deploying an overlay
of CDMA2000 and IS-95 in the same spectrum
CDMA2000 is a Multi carrier (MC)-CDMA in
which single 5MHz band can accommodate 3
adjacent carriers (3X1.25) with guard bands both
sides
CDMA2000

WCDMA

3G CDMA
 1X uses 1.25MHz carrier while 3X will use
3.75MHz (3X 1.25MHz)

The 6X, 9X and 12 X mode will be standardized

in future

1X doubles the voice quality of CDMAone and

provides data rate of 144kb/s by using 128 Walsh
code instead of 64.

3X uses 256 Walsh code for higher data rate

 This performance is obtained by enhancement of
CDMA2000 PHY and MAC layer
For High data rate (HDR) 16-QAM (Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation) is used instead of QPSK,
thus offering 621 kb/s data rate
In case of large interferences 8-PSK or QPSK is
used which is more robust than 16-QAM but
reduces the data rate
3X also known as IS-2000-A is an enhancement of
1X and uses 3 CDMAone carriers for a total BW
of 3.75MHz (3X1.25) and chip rate of
3.6864Mcps (3X1.2288).
It can support data rates up to 2Mb/s
 CDMA2000 upgrades CDMAone by modifying
BTS with multimode channel elements cards,
BSC with IP routing capabilities and introducing
the Packet data server network (PDSN) Fig.

PDSN is essential element in the treatment of

packet data services
Purpose of PDSN is to support packet data
services
 PDSN performs following functions:
* Establishes, maintains, and terminates Point-to-
Point protocol (PPP) sessions with the subscriber
* Establishes, maintains, and terminates the logical
links to the radio network
* Initiates Authentication, Authorization, and
Accounting (AAA) for the mobile client from the
AAA server
* Routes packets to- and from the external packet
data networks (PDN)
The overall capacity of PDSN is determined by
both throughput and no. of PPP (Point-to-Point)
sessions that are being served
AAA server provides Authentication,
Authorization, and Accounting functions for the
packet data network associated with CDMA 2000
 The PDSN provide several key packet-data
services, including simple IP, and Mobile IP
Simple IP is a packet-data service relative to
CDMA2000 1X. Subs is assigned a Dynamic host
configuration protocol (DHCP) address from the
serving PDSN with its routing service provided by
the local network
The specific IP address that the subs is assigned
retains with the subs as long as it is served by the
same radio network that maintains connectivity
with the PDSN that issued the IP address
It is important to note that simple IP does not
provide for mobile termination and hence is an
origination-based service only ie a PPP service
using the DHCP
 Simple IP is similar to the dial-up Internet
connections used by many people over standard
landline facilities
A PPP session is established between the mobile
unit (MS) and the PDSN. The PDSN routes
packets to- and from the MS in order to provide
end-to-end connectivity between the MS and the
Internet and the PDSN. Fig. presents a diagram
depicting Simple IP
During Simple IP, MS must be connected to the
same PDSN for the duration of the packet session.
If the MS moves to another PDSN, the Simple IP
connection is lost and needs to be reestablished.
MS must negotiate for a new IP address from the
new PDSN
 PDSN Internet Server
BSC
MS BTS

PPP
IP

Simple IP
 To explain Simple IP process, a call flow or
packet-session flow chart is given in Fig.
The VLR is normally collocated with the MSC.
When a subs initiates a packet-data session, the
BSC via the MSC/VLR checks the subs
subscription prior to the system granting the
service request to the mobile subs. This will take
place prior to the PDSN being involved with the
packet session
In Mobile IP, the mobile unit (MS) is assigned a
static IP address that resides with the HA. It can
handoff between different radio networks that are
served via different PDSNs, which resolves the
roaming issues
MS BTS/BSC MSC/VLR VLR PDSN AAA
Validation
Access MS
Procedure
MS Validated

Start PPP
Authentication Request
Authentication response
PPP Established
AAA A/C Start
Packet
Session

End Packet Session

End
Session AAA A/C Stop

Simple IP Flow chart

 Mobile IP allows the mobile node to use two
addresses. These IP addresses are called home
address and care-of address. The home address is
static and is known to everybody as the identity of
the host. The care of address changes at each new
point of attachment and can be thought of as
mobile nodes location specific address

The network node that is responsible for

forwarding and managing this transparency is
known as the home agent
 Whenever the mobile node moves, it registers its
new care-of address (provided by Foreign agent)
with its home agent. The home agent forwards the
packet to the foreign network using the care-of
address.
The home agent encapsulates the original IP
datagram into a new IP datagram with care-of
address in the header and retransmit the datagram.
This phenomenon is called tunneling
Let us consider an example of IP datagram being
exchanged over a TCP connection between mobile
node A and server X
 Server X wants to transmit an IP datagram to node
A. The home address of A is advertised and is
known to X. X sends packet to A with As home
address as the destination IP address in the IP
header (1)
At the As home network, the incoming IP
datagram is intercepted by the home Agent. Home
agent finds that A is in a foreign network
Care-of address has been allocated to mobile
node A by a foreign network and is available with
the home agent. The home agent encapsulate the
entire datagram with a care-of address in the IP
header. The new IP datagram with the care-of
address as the destination address is retransmitted
by home agent (2)
 At the foreign network, the new IP datagram is
intercepted by the foreign agent. The foreign agent
is counterpart of the home agent in the foreign
network. The foreign agent strips off the care-of
address and delivers the original datagram to A(3)
A tends to respond to this message and sends
packet to X. Here X is not mobile hence has a
fixed IP address. A sends IP datagram to a router
on the foreign network for routing to X (4).
Typically this router is the foreign agent. A uses
Xs IP static address as the destination address (5)
CDMA2000 -1xRTT:

One carrier CDMA2000 Radio Transmission

Technology (RTT)
1x represents 1 times the frequency BW
Modulation scheme uses BPSK & QPSK
The peak data rate for DL is 621kb/s and
153.6kb/s for UL
The average data rate across cell area varies from
60 to 100kb/s depending on distance of the MS
from BS
CDMA2000 1xEVDO:
Single RF carrier Evolution (to 3G) to Data Only
The channel BW is 1.25MHz with chip rate
1.2288Mc/s
Improved code rates & higher order modulation
(BPSK to 16-QAM) for large packets provide high
spectral efficiency (b/s/Hz)
The DL peak data rate is 2.4Mb/s and UL peak
data rate is 153.6kb/s
MS performs channel quality measurement and
reports the index out of 12 configuration which in
turn transmits requested configuration
CDMA2000 1xEVDV:
Single RF carrier Evolution to Data and Voice
The BW, chip rate, modulation techniques are
same as that of 1xEVDO
EVDV integrates voice & data on the same carrier
and uses soft handoff for voice & cell selection for
data
The peak data rate in DL is 3.1Mb/s and 1.8Mb/s
in UL both higher than EVDO
Modulation & coding chosen from one of the 504
available configuration for each transmission
based on the amount of data to be transmitted and
channel condition
 CDMA2000 evolution to 3G

IS-95B CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Evolved Data

Uses multiple code channels Optimised
Data rates up to 64kbps Third phase in CDMA2000 evolution
Many operators gone direct to Standardised version of Qualcomm High Data
1xRTT Rate (HDR)
IS-95B Adds TDMA components beneath code
components
CDMA Good for highly asymmetric high speed data
IS-95A apps CDMA2000
1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV
3xRTT
Speeds to 2Mbps +, classed as a 3G system
IS-95A
Use new or existing spectrum
14.4 kbps 1xRTT
CDMA2000 1x Evolved DV
Core
CDMA2000 1xRTT: single Fourth phase in CDMA2000
network
carrier RTT evolution
re-used in
First phase in CDMA2000 evolution Still under development
CDMA2000
Easy co-existence with IS-95A air Speeds to 5Mbps+ (more than
interface 3xRTT!)
Release 0 - max 144 kbps Possible end game.
Release A max 384 kbps
Same core network as IS-95
UMTS:

3.9/4G

5G

3.5G

GSM Family
 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)
UMTS is European standard of IMT2000,
introduced WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)
WCDMA:
uses CDMA instead of TDMA in GSM
Wideband CDMA uses Direct Sequence (DS)-
CDMA and has a Wideband of 5MHz. The chip
rate is 3.84Mcps
Supports peak data rate of 2Mb/s using QPSK
modulation in both DL and UL
WCDMA require new spectrum allocation and
new, or upgraded GSM mobile phones
This wider BW has benefits such as higher data
rates and improved multi-path resolution. The
average data rates supported up to 2Mb/s
 UMTS is cost effective migration from GSM
Fig. Shows basic ideas of spreading and separation
of different senders in UMTS
User data is spread using orthogonal spreading
codes (user based)
After spreading all chip streams are added and
scrambled. In FDD mode, scrambling code is
unique for each sender and separates all senders
For TDD the scrambling code is cell specific ie all
stations in a cell use the same scrambling code and
cells are separated using different unique
scrambling code (cell based)
The scrambled chips are QPSK modulated and
transmitted
User 1 User 2

User Data Spreading

 In WCDMA, orthogonal spreading codes reduces
interference and scrambling is used to separate the
users/cells in downlink
In uplink, low cross-correlation codes (orthogonal
codes) are used to separate the mobiles
The WCDMA code is same as IS-95 with a spread
factor of 4 to 512. Higher data rates are obtained
by using shorter spreading codes since 3.84Mcps
chip rate is held constant.
GSM/GPRS/EDGE network is upgraded to
support WCDMA. WCDMA architecture is split
into access network and core network
 WCDMA architecture consists of Radio network
controller (RNC) and B nodes. RNC is analogous
to the GSM base station (BSC). RNC responsible
for control of the radio resources within the
network. B node is similar to BTS
The interface between RNC and the B nodes is Iub
interface like the Abis in GSM. Together an RNC
and the B nodes is called Radio network subsytem
(RNS) like BSS in GSM
RNC is connected with core network over
interface Iu (like A interface in GSM). The
interface between RNC and SGSN is through IuPS
(supports packet switched circuit) like Gb in
GPRS. The interface between RNC and MSC is
via IuCS (circuit switched)
 Access Network
Circuit switched (GSM) Core Network

Packet switched

WCDMA
 Both domains need the databases EIR & HLR for
location management
Reusing the existing infrastructure helps to save a
lot of money and may convince to use WCDMA if
they are already using GSM
Fig. Shows protocols stacks of Circuit switched
domain (CSD) and Packet switched domain (PSD)
The CSD used ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode) Adaptation Layer (AAL2) for voice
Segment and Reassemble layer (SAR) used to
segment data packets received from the RLC
(Radio Link Control) which can be transported in
ATM
 BSC

RNC

Packet data
coverage protocol
 ATM is chosen since it can transport and multiplex
low bit rate voice data with low jitter and latency
(Compared to protocols used in PSD)
In PSD ATM with AAL5, UDP/IP is used (Data)
All packets (IP, PPP) destined for UE are
encapsulated using the GPRS tunneling protocol
(GTP)
In UMTS the RNC handles the tunneling protocol
GTP, while in GSM/GPRS GTP is used between a
SGSN and GGSN only
RNC performs protocol conversion from the
combination GTP/UDP/IP into the Packet data
convergence protocol (PDCP)
 TD-CDMA:

TD-CDMA differs from W-CDMA and

CDMA2000. It is a Time Division Duplex (TDD)
instead of FDD
TDD does not need paired frequencies. It uses the
same frequency for up- and downlink transmission
TDD is suitable for asymmetric up- and downlink
transmission rates for IP data services
There are no. of time slots, and no. of orthogonal
codes in each time slot
 There are 15 time-slots between up and downlink
with a frame duration of 10ms. The chipping rate
is 3.84Mcps. 12 time-slots allotted for traffic and 3
for signaling. Each time-slot uses 16 unique
spreading codes, one for each user or segment of
BW shown in Fig.
The first two time slot of every frame is assigned
to downlink traffic. The uplink common signaling
channels are in the last slot of the frame. The
remaining slots are assigned on an as- needed
basis for uplink and downlink usage
TD-CDMA can assign different modulation and
coding scheme for each time-slot to maximize the
throughput for each subs in the sector (Adaptive
modulation & coding)
 TD-CDMA

1 2 3 ----- 15 16
16 spreading code

Midample for training & channel estimation

 A time-slot can support 500kb/s in a 5MHz
channel. Using 10MHz channel time-slot can
support 1Mb/s
A single TD-CDMA channel is able to support
5.5Mb/s in down link and 850kb/s in uplink.
Using 2 adjacent channels (10MHz) data rate is
increased to 11Mb/s in the downlink and 1Mb/s in
the uplink
The coverage radius of TD-CDMA is decided by
two factors: Tx power, reception sensitivity and
the length of the guard period. The maximum
coverage radius is about 29kms but typically
7.5kms. When large coverage areas are needed for
rural applications, capacity must be reduced to
achieve greater coverage.
 TD-CDMA Parameters:
Carrier BW: 5MHz
Duplex Type: TDD
Multiple Access: TDMA, CDMA
Chip rate: 3.84Mc/s
Modulation: QPSK, 16-QAM
Maximum Cell Range: 29Kms (7.5Kms nominal)
Theoretical max. data rate/user: 2Mb/s
System Asymmetry (DL:UL): 1:14-14:1
Frequency reuse: 1
 Implementation:
If the TD-CDMA is new network with no legacy
issues, then configuration(1) is shown in Fig.
Deployment of TD-CDMA into existing GSM
network where voice is through GSM and new
data service through TD-CDMA. Spectrum
allocation for TD-CDMA and GSM(1&3) is
shown in Fig.
Overlay of TD-CDMA on to a WCDMA network
(1&2) is shown in Fig. The possible spectrum
allocation is also shown in Fig.
A spectrum allocation where TD-CDMA is
deployed in an existing GSM and WCDMA
network (1,2&3) is shown in Fig.
 3 BSC
GSM

Core Network
2
WCDMA
RNC

1
TD-CDMA

TD-CDMA with WCDMA and GSM

Spectrum Allocation:
Transmitter Receiver

GSM(3) GSM(3)

15MHz 15MHz

GSM(3) TD- GSM(3) TD-

CDMA(1) CDMA(1)
10MHz 5MHz
10MHz 5MHz

WCDMA(2) TD- WCDMA(2) TD-

CDMA(1) CDMA(1)
10MHz 5MHz 10MHz 5MHz

GSM WCDMA TD-CDMA GSM WCDMA TD-CDMA

(3) (2) (1) (3) (2) (1)

5 5 5MHz 5 5 5MHz
 TD-SCDMA:

Time Division-Synchronous CDMA is perceived

as a Chinese standard
TD-SCDMA uses TDD as the access method
allowing both asynchronous and synchronous
operation
TD-SCDMA node-B employs combination of
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA (Fig. Architecture)
RAN uses asynchronous 1.6MHz of spectrum,
enabling to have multiple carriers in the same BW
as a WCDMA,CDMA2000 or TD-CDMA carrier
TD-SCDMA supports circuit switched services in
addition to packet (IP) services. Circuit switched
rates are 12.2,64, 144, 384, and 2048kb/s. Packet
data rates are 9.6, 64, 144, 384 and 2048kb/s
TD-SCDMA
 TD-SCDMA is sponsored by China, a total of
155MHz frequency BW has been allocated for
TDD which indicates that 96 (1.6X96=155MHz)
unique carriers are possible
Radio resources for the uplink and downlink are
allocated separately (5ms each), even though the
uplink and downlink are in the same carrier
There are total 7 time-slots for each sub-frame
(Fig.)
A total of 16 spreading codes are used with TD-
SCDMA. These codes are all orthogonal to each
other and like all CDMA codes are part of tree
 5ms 5ms
TS0 TS1
TS2 ------ TS6 TS0 TS1 ------- TS6

BCH Downlink Uplink

DwPTS
Gp 864chips
96chips
96c UpPTS Data Mid- Data Gp
160chips Field-1 amble Field-2 1 2 ----- 16
352 144 352 16chips
16 spreading code

TD-SCDMA Channel Allocation

 Table lists parameters for TD-SCDMA system
Fig. shows an overlay approach for a TD-SCDMA
installed in an existing GSM spectrum
It shows a spectrum allocation for TD-SCDMA
within 5MHz BW with guard bands
It also shows the spectrum allocation of GSM with
TD-SCDMA in its existing spectrum

Comparison of TD-CDMA, WCDMA and TD-

SCDMA radio access is shown in Table
 TD-SCDMA Parameters:

Carrier BW: 1.6MHz

Duplex Type: TDD
Multiple Access: TDMA, CDMA, FDMA
Chip rate: 1.28Mc/s
Modulation: QPSK, 8-PSK
Maximum Cell Range: 40Kms
Theoretical max. data rate/user: 2Mb/s
System Asymmetry (DL:UL): 1:6-6:1
Frequency reuse: 1
 BSC
GSM
Core Network

RNC
TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA
1 2 3
Guard
Band 1.6 1.6 1.6MHz
5MHz

GSM TD-SCDMA
3.2 1.6MHz
 Comparison:

TD-CDMA WCDMA TD-SCDMA

Multiple Access HCR-TDD FDD LCR-TDD
Handoff Hard Soft Hard
Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK/8-PSK
BW 5MHz 5MHz 1.6MHz
Time slot/frame 15 7 7
Chip rate 3.84Mc/s 3.84Mc/s 1.28Mc/s
Spreading factor 1,2,4,8,16 4 to 256 1,2,4,8,16
Receiver Joint detection Rake Joint detection
Rake (Mobile) Rake (Mobile)
Commonality among WCDMA, CDMA2000, TD-
CDMA, TD_SCDMA:
All of the platforms use CDMA technology and
requires total of either 1.25, 1.6 or 5MHz of
spectrum
WCDMA, TD-CDMA, and TD-SCDMA use a
GSM 2G network as a logical starting point as
does CDMA2000 with IS-95
GSM took 10 years to become the most successful
2G mobile communication system. A similar
period of time is taken by 3G system to succeed
 Quality of Service (QoS) in 3G:
The QoS classes defined for mobile network are
very different from fixed networks due to
restrictions and limitations of the air interface
Based on delay sensitivity four QoS classes have
been defined for 3G traffic: i) Conversational, ii)
streaming, iii) interactive, and iv) background
i) Conversational class is defined for the most
delay-sensitive applications (voice & VoIP), and
the transfer delay is strictly limited
ii) Streaming class is defined for one-way real
time video/audio (VoD).
Both conversational and streaming classes will
need better channel coding and retransmission to
reduce the error rate in order to meet the required
QoS
 Interactive & background classes are defined for
delay-insensitive services.
iii) interactive class is used for applications such
as Telenet, interactive e-mail, and web browsing.
iv) background class is defined for activities such
as FTP or the background downloading of e-mails
Among the traffic classes, the conversational class
is most delay-sensitive, and background class is
most delay-insensitive
In addition to traffic classes several QoS
parameters includes maximum, minimum, and
guaranteed bit rates, delivering order, maximum
packet size, reliability and so on
A major challenge for defining QoS of 3G is
compatibility with QoS of existing mobile
networks (GPRS) and fixed network (Internet)
 QoS mapping for circuit switched 3G and 2G
(GSM) is easy. For handoff between 3G and 2G
networks, only reliability, delay, and BW are
meaning full parameters
For background download of files, the 3G QoS is
mapped to GPRS reliability class 2 (NACK GTP
mode) and GPRS delay class 4 (best-effort)
For Internet applications, the 3G QoS should be
mapped to Internet QoS definition, and attributes
for integrated services (IntServ) and differentiated
services (DiffServ). The QoS parameters of these
two Internet service types are controlled by the
applications (ie TE)
.
 3G Deployment:

In Japan mobile phone subscribers reached to 111

Million and 3G penetration exceeds 88%
In India 400 million subscribers of 3G network
will reach by 2015
This will be 30% of total mobile phone
subscribers
WCDMA based subscribers will be around 320
million and 80 million will be CDMA2000 based
[New Wireless Intelligence study-India, 2011]
 3.5G (HSDPA)
(High Speed Downlink Packet Access):

An enhanced version and the next intermediate

generation of 3G UMTS.
It comprises the technologies that improve the air
Interface and increase the spectral efficiency to
support data rates of the order of 14 Mbps.
3.5G introduces many new features that will
enhance the UMTS technology in future.
1xEV-DV already supports most of the features
that will be provided in 3.5G.
 New features include:
* Adaptive Modulation and Coding
* Fast Scheduling: Scheduling shifted from RNC to
B node
* Backward compatibility with 3G
* Enhanced air interface
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding:

For the same symbol rate, the signal power,

modulation technique, information rate, and
channel coding rate can be adjusted in accordance
to channel interferences and QoS requirements
FEC rate , 2/3, , 5/6 and
Digital modulation QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
are dynamically adapted for every single
individual user giving rise to 6-fold spectral
efficiency (b/s/Hz)
Mobile user closer to BS (64-QAM, rate Turbo
code) and closer to cell boundary (QPSK, rate
Turbo code)
FEC 1/2
FEC 3/4

Adaptive Modulation & Coding

AMC with Range
 Fourth Generation (4G)

4G supports voice, data, and streamed video for all

users, in all locations
It is a networks of networks that integrates
seamlessly and allows people to move between
different types of radio technologies in seamless
way
4G network will depend entirely on a full IP
wireless infrastructure
 In 4G the trend is towards support for even
advanced data services. The vision for 4G and
future systems is towards unification of various
mobile and wireless networks eg wireless cellular
(2G, 3G) and wireless data network (WLAN,
WiMAX, etc.)

Cellular is circuit switched means a connection

establishment is to be there prior to the call, while
wireless data network is packet switched
Evaluation of wireless networks towards an
integrated system will produce a common packet
switched (wireless Internet) platform
 4G involves merger of cellular and wireless
technologies including integration of

*Personal area network (Bluetooth, ZigBee,

UWB),
* WLAN (Wi-Fi),
* WMAN (WiMAX),
* Wide Area Network (Cellular),
*Regional/Global Area Network (RAN) (Radio
and TV broadcasting, satellite communication)
4G key technologies are related to

* Adaptive coding and modulation,

* Software defined radio (SDR),
* Multiple access schemes,
* Smart antennas,
* Security measures

4G system may begin in 2010-2015 time frame

1Gb/s data rate for stationary & 100Mb/s for moving
vehicle.
4G Key Technology
(Low density packet code)
 Software Defined Radio (SDR):
Current approach of radio is to built multi-chip
modules, multi-transceivers on die
This needs more die area, more power
consumption, may require additional antenna and
matching network
SDR is flexible to support variety of signal BWs,
modulation formats, signal levels
LNA tunable over wide BW, DSP to achieve
decimation, down conversion, channel selectivity,
gain/phase compensation
SDR increases flexibility, reduces cost, decreases
power consumption, and increases performance
 SDR should move its operating characteristics in
real time by software commands
Can shift center frequency, modify BW, sampling
rate, change the linearity and noise figure of a
transceiver channel in real time
One programmable transceiver can replace many
fixed transceiver used in current cell phones or
data modems
Reduces size, power consumption of transceiver
SDR is better in performance even against single
transceiver
Received analog RF signal is processed by re-
programmable base band Digital signal processor
(DSP) using multiple antennas and amplifiers and
very fast high speed ADC and DSP functions
Receiver Transmitter

SDR Operations
 MIMO-OFDM System:
Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antennas
technology has potential to significantly improve the
capacity and performance of wireless systems
Signal from different antennas will fade independently,
thus increasing frequency diversity
It is natural to combine two powerful technologies
MIMO and OFDM in the PHY layer design
Multiple antennas can be used at the transmitter and
receiver
OFDM with MIMO increases diversity gain and
enhance system capability on a time varying multi-path
fading
Adaptive antenna array locates the user, minimizes the
interferences, and maximizes intended signal reception
 Add
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Time and
S
and
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/ freq.
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WiMAX + Cellular
WiMAX + WLAN
 Distribution layer: Supports digital video
broadcasting services at moderate speeds over
relatively large cells. This layer will support
coverage and mobility and will cover sparsely
populated rural areas
Cellular layer: This layer comprises 2G and 3G
systems. It provides high capacity in terms of
users and data rates inside densely populated areas
such as cities. This layer support data rates up to
2Mb/s. Cell size will be smaller than distribution
layer. This layer support full coverage and
mobility
Hotspot layer: This layer supports high data
rates over short ranges like offices or buildings. It
comprise WLAN system IEEE802.11
 Personal network layer: This layer comprise
very short range wireless connections such as
Bluetooth, ZigBee. Mobility is limited due to very
short range
Fixed layer: This will comprise the fixed access
system (WiMAX)