PRESENTATION

ON
ULTRASONIC RADAR
SYSTEM
 RADAR

Acronym for RAdio Detection And

Ranging.

Radar is an object detection system

that uses electromagnetic waves to
identify range, direction, speed of both
moving and fixed objects.

The term radar was coined in 1941.

 INTRODUCTION
Ultrasonic waves are used to measure the
distance in between two points.

Basic principal is based on the speed of

ultrasonic waves in open air.

In this project we combine two project one is

ultrasonic distance measurement and other is
direction checker.

Sensors are mount on the stepper motor base

platform. When circuit is on then motor moves in
one direction and search the object . If the object is
located then sensor provide a feedback and at the
same time circuit count the step move by the
stepper motor. By counting the step of stepper
INTRODUCTION
CONTINUED
By measuring the time required to travel
the unknown distance by ultrasonic waves
in air we can find out the distance between
two points.

The distance measured is displayed on a

LCD display.
 COMPONENTS USED
1. Resistors
2. Transistors
3. Diode
4. Capacitors
5. Crystal Oscillator
6. Comparator
7. Voltage Regulator
8. Flip Flop
9. Radar
10.Microcontroller
11. LCD
12.Stepper Motor
13.Amplifiers
 RESISTORS
Opposition of a material to the current.

USED: To control the electron flow in predictable

manner.

CAPACITORS
Used for smoothing the output of power supplies,
blocking direct current, for tuning radios to
particular frequencies
TRANSISTORS
Named derived from transfer resistors.

There are mainly 2 types of transistors i.e.PNP

& NPN transistor.
 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
Provide the synchronization of the internal
function.

It make a lot of noise so capacitors are used to

make it free from noise.

Resonators can also be used in place of this

but resonators frequency varies a lot.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
IC regulators are basically series regulators.

In this circuit the Regulators used are L7812C

and L7805C.

Can be used with external components to

obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
 FLIP FLOP

SR flip flop is being used in the circuit.

SR stands for set-reset.

Set condition is the time which begins to

let out the ultrasonic with the transmitter.

Reset condition is the time which detect

the signal with the signal detector of the
receiver circuit.
 ULTRASONIC RADAR
Ultrasonic radar is basically one of the
application of the Radar system.

It consists of a set of transmitters and

receivers both of which operate at same
frequency.

Transmitter radiates high power EM signal

towards the target. The target intercept small
part of this signal and radiates back towards
the transmitter.

The receiver collects reflected signal and

process it to collect information about the
 MICROCONTROLLER

It is a small computer on a single IC

containing a processor core, memory
and programmable i/o peripherals.

Low power, high performance CMOS 8-

bit.

Microntroller used in this circuit is

AT89s51.
 LCD
It is a flat panel display or video display
that uses the light modulating properties of
liquid crystals.

In this project most common device

attached to a microcontroller is an LCD
display.

LCD displays utilize two sheets of

polarizing material with a liquid crystal
solution between them.
 STEPPER MOTOR
Stepper motor do as the name suggests-they
step a little bit at a time.

Stepper motor also differ from other motors in

many ways.

Produce highest torque at low speed.

Have an additional characteristic called

Holding Torque which is not there in DC motors.
 COMPARATOR

It compares two voltages or currents.

LM833 is used in this circuit.

LM833 operates over a single and dual

supply voltage with low noise, high gain and
high slew rate.

It have large output voltage swing with no

dead band crossover distortions and
symmetrical sink/source performance.
 DIODE
Simplest semi-conductor device.

Also called as Junction Diode.

Allows direct current to pass through

only in one direction and blocking it in
other direction.

In our Project we have used Zener and

Germanium Diodes.
 AMPLIFIER

One of the most commonly

used circuit In electronics.

Used to increase the power of

any circuit.

In this circuit many amplifiers

are used.
INTERNAL CIRCUIT
WORKING
 WORKING

In this project we combine two project one

distance measurement and another direction
measurement.
When press start switch then stepper motor
start rotate.
To provide voltage from the controller we
connect two transistor circuit.
Here we use four coil stepper motor so we
use four series of transistor motor to four
coils.
We use one oscillation circuit +time circuit
control the sending out time of the
ultrasonic pulse.

The inverter is used for drive of ultrasonic

sensor.

The ultrasonic signal which was received

with the reception sensor is amplified by
1000 times(60dB) of voltage with the
operational amplifier with two stages. It is
100 times at the first stage (40dB) and 10
times (20dB) at the next stage..
This circuit is the gate circuit to measure the time
which is reflected with the object and returns after
sending out the ultrasonic. It is using the SR (the set and
the reset) flip-flop.

The set condition is the time which begins to let out

the ultrasonic with the transmitter. It uses the
transmission timing pulse.

the signal with the signal detector of the receiver

circuit.

That is, the time that the output of SR-FF (D) is in the
ON condition becomes the time which returns after
letting out the ultrasonic.
 ADVANTAGES

Superior penetration capability.

Can be used in day or night time.

Does not require any medium.

Radar can be long range .

Waves propagate at the speed of light.

 APPLICATIONS
This system has many practical
applications in security and many alarm
based systems in:

Homes.

Shops.

Military purpose.

Object detection.
 DISADVANTAGES

The transmission and reception of

ultrasonic waves are very complex in
nature.

Radar components are very sensitive and

can be burn out easily.

Radar can interfere with each other and

other electronics.
 CONCLUSION
Through this project we aim to
acquire knowledge in the field of
electronics and communication at the
same time to design a good security
system. This is a modern day project
based on the use of radar and
ultrasonic radiation. This is useful in
many present day uses such as in
military application and detection of
various objects in the vicinity of the
radar system. Though the hardware