Debre Berhan

University
School of Engineering
Technical Drawing
Lecture
Part I
1.Introduction
1.1 History of Technical
Drawing
For 20000 years, a drawing has been a
portrayal of ideas through the use of lines
Our early ancestors explained their ideas
By making in the dust of the floors of their caves
The pictures of different animals on the wall of
the caves
It is deeply rooted in our instincts and in a
sense it is our own universal language even
today
Examples: Solomon temple, roman buildings
Greek monuments
 Cont...
At the beginning of Christian era, roman
architects had become skilful in preparing
drawings
Leonardo da Vincis(1452-1519) sketch shows
the aware of multi view drawings
Gas pared Monge, French mathematician,
introduced theory of projection at the end of
18th century
1.2 Objective of The Course
Drawing as a means of communications
Indefinite needs - human nature
Engineers are creative people who use
technical means to solve problems
New product
Research
Development

Design

Production, construction, and Operation

It needs communication
 Cont
Exchange of ideas needs means of
communication.
As the idea becomes technical the usual
means of communication (talk or listen,
read or write) will be less exact.
For this reason visual language is
developed to be technical and accurate
means communication.
This visual language in broad term is
called graphic language.
We call it universal language of industry
when it is used for production purpose
 Cont
The v-block is to be made of cast iron and
machined on all surfaces. The overall sizes
are two and one-half inches high, three inches
wide, and six inches long. A v-shaped cut
having an included angle of 90 is to be made
through the entire length of the block. The cut
is to be made with the block resting on the
three inch by six inch surface. The v-cut is to
begin one-quarter inch from the outside
edges. At the bottom of the v-cut there is to
be a relief slot one-eighth inch wide by one-
eighth inch deep.
Cont
 Cont
How Would You Describe This?
In teams of two, describe using only words
How effective is this approach?
 Cont
It is a form of communication that is technical
and very exact.
It is visual language
Utilize line and symbols agreed all over the
world.
Graphic communication written or drawn
The Specific
To understand:
objectives is
The different types of projection techniques
How to sketch multi view drawings of any
given pictorial drawings
How to sketch pictorial drawings of given
multi view drawings
Sketching auxiliary and sectional views as
a supplement of multi view drawings.
How to find intersection lines of different
geometries and development of surfaces.
1.3 Definition of Technical
Drawing
Technical Drawing Turn Ideas
into Products
Every product we have today (cars, houses, beds,
tables, chairs, desks, appliances, tools, packages,
clothing, toys, dishes, radios, CD players, video
games, roads, bridges, airplanes, ships, buses,
computers, telephones, fax machines, copiers, air-
conditioners, heaters, light bulbs, keys, etc.)
began as an "idea" in some person's head. Before
these "ideas" became products, they had to be
drawn on paper.
 Cont...
The most common names associated with the
graphic language are:
Drafting : represent all graphic languages.
Technical Drawing : Any drawing which
expresses technical ideas, including sketches,
instrument drawings, charts, and illustrations.
Eg. Technical Sketching; Freehand.
 Cont
Technical Sketching: A technical drawing
used to proportion shape of ideas so that
other can understand the shape of things.
Mechanical Drawing : A technical drawing
made with drafting instruments.
Engineering Drawing : Drawing used by
engineers and other member of the design-
engineering team to describe the production
of parts, shape, size and material.
 Cont
Descriptive Geometry : The grammar of
graphic language, the basic principle set up
to use geometric descriptions for solving
two and three dimensional problems.
Computer Graphics : Use of computer as
drafting instrument with printer or plotter.
Technical drawing is the study of the
procedures, tools, supplies, skills and
techniques used to record and
communicate the shape and size of a
product.
 Cont...
Therefore Technical Drawing is a formal and
precise way of communicating information
about the shape, size, features and precision
of physical objects
 LEVEL OF ENGINEERING TEAM DESIGN PROCESS
COMMUNICATION
AND ITS FORMS

1. CREATIVE Scientist Problem Identification

COMMUNICATION Engineer research Preliminary Ideas
The Birth of an Idea Designer Analysis
Generic doodle
Sketches

2. TECHNICAL Engineer Development Preliminary Ideas

COMMUNICATION Engineer Design Refinement
Inter-professional Designer Analysis
Sketches Technician Decision
Stylist
Delineation Drafter
Drawings Craftsperson
3. MARKET Engineer Development Refinement
COMMUNICATION Design Analysis
Presentation for Client Designer Illustrator Decision
Drawings Stylist Implementation
Renderings Drafter
Flow Diagrams
Charts

4.CONSTRUCTION Engineer Construction Implementation

COMMUNICATION Engineer production Supervision
Detail for the Builder Engineer operation Logistics
Engineering blue prints Drafter Revisions
Architectural Blueprints Craftsperson
Flow Diagram
 Cont
Three Basic Types
of Technical
Drawings
Freehand sketches

Instrument drawings

Computer drawings
and models
 Cont
There are two principles in drawing
Visualization
The ability to see what an object looks like in the
mind of eye.
Implementation
Drawing of an object that has been visualized
 Cont
Study of drawing can be categorized as
Plane geometry
Representation of an object having two dimensions
Solid geometry
Representing three dimensions of objects
 Cont
Present 3-D objects with 2-D media
Two Basic Categories
2-D 3-D
 Cont.
Mechanical drawing for Engineers
Advantage
It is technical
Exact
Clearest way to communicate
It is a universal language

Disadvantage
Time consuming to produce
It needs skill
 Cont
Communication distance is a factor for
selection of graphic language.
Engineers + Designers

Sketch

Feed Drafts man Sketch

Back
Mechanical
Drawing

TECHNICIANS
 Cont
Sketches
describe the concept in general
Layout
show the relationships of parts and defines key
dimensions
Details
Assembly
Pictorial
for technical manuals, sales literature, or
Internet
 Cont
Production Drawings
Used to:
transmit and communicate information for the
production of objects and assemblies (critical in
concurrent engineering environment!)
Classified in two major categories:
detail drawings
assembly drawings
Drawing representation
Detail drawing
Drawings of single parts
May be drawn one part per sheet
May be several parts detailed on a large sheet
Include info such as dimensions and notes
relating to material, finish, weight, or tolerance
includes all of the information needed to
fabricate the part.
 Cont
Assembly Drawings
Show how parts fit together or are functionally
related
Dimensions typically refer to relationships
among the parts
Often a bill of materials (listing of all parts
necessary to make up the total assembly) is
included.
 Cont
An assembly drawing is
handy for
Manufacturer,
Who works in
construction,
Who works in
Installation,
Technician servicing a
product.
 Cont
Exploded pictorial drawings
Represent several parts assembled according to
the axes of their assembly
Parts are not shown assembled but are moved
apart along the principal axes of the product
Typically not dimensioned
Helpful for assembly purposed on the
production line
 Cont
Exploded pictorial
drawings
shows all of the
components spread
out, or exploded. so
you can see what
each part looks like.
frequently used in
illustrated parts
manuals and
service bulletins.
 Cont
Schematic diagram
shows the relative location of all of the parts in
a system, but does not give the location of the
parts.
Schematic drawing are of great help when
troubleshooting a system.
 Cont
Installation Drawing
Required when an
assembly or group of
assemblies is installed
An installation drawing
shows the location of
the parts and
assemblies the
completed product and
identifies all of the
detail parts used in the
installation.
1.4 Revision of Descriptive
Geometry
objective is to remind:
Care and use of drawing instruments and
material
Conventional lines
Title block and Border lines
Laying out of the paper
Free hand Lettering
Neatness of drawing
a) Care and use of drawing
instrument and materials
In engineering drawing any object is
represented by straight lines and/or curves.
These lines should be drawn as accurate as
possible by the help of drawing instruments.
Quality of a drawing depends to a large
extent on the quality , adjustment, proper use
and care of drawing instruments.
 Cont
List of drawing instruments
Drawing board
Drawing sheets
T-square, or parallel-ruling straightedge, or
drafting machine
Drafting tape
Drafting pencils
Pencil sharpener
Lettering instrument
 Cont
Eraser
Erasing shield
Triangle (Set-square) (450 and 300 - 600)
Architects or engineers scale
Irregular curves (French curve)
Drawing instrument set (Compass, Divider,
extensions)
Protractor
Templates
 Cont
Drawing broad
Drawing tables come in many different size and
design. It could be fixed, movable, with drawer,
adjustable, etc.
They are used to attach drawing sheet.
Keep your drawing table clean and dry not to
affect your drawing quality.
Dont use blades to cut drafting tapes on
drawing table.
 Cont
US CUSTOMARY ISO STANDARD
Drawing sheet SERIES
made from
Siz First Second Size Third series
different materials e serie serie
with different s s
quality.
A 81/2 x 11 9 x 12 A0 841 x 1189
Paper, tracing
paper, vellum, B 11 x 17 12 x 18 A1 594 x 841
tracing cloth, glass
cloth or film. C 17 x 22 18 x 24 A2 420 x 594
Drawing sheets will
D 22 x 34 24 x 36 A3 297 x 420
determine selection
of pencil grade E 34 x 44 36 x 48 A4 210 x 297
Cont...
 Cont
T-square
They can be made from
different materials, mostly
from wood or plastic.
Parts: blade and head
two edges of the blade
should be parallel.
The head is fixed at 900 to
the blade
The cleanness of your T
square greatly affect your
drawing quality and
cleanliness.
 Cont
Used for
Drawing horizontal
lines
Guiding triangles
Position drawing
paper
 Cont
Drawing pencils
Most drawing pencil leads are made
from graphite. They are usually made
in 17 degrees of hardness.
6B(softest and blackest) H (medium hard)
5B(extremely soft) 2H (hard)
4B extra soft) 3H (hard, plus)
3B (very soft) 4H (very hard)
2B (soft, plus) 5H (extra hard)
B (soft) 6H (extra hard, plus)
HB (medium soft) 7H (extremely hard)
F (intermediate, between 8H (extremely hard, plus)
soft and hard) 9H (Hardest)
 Cont...
Pencil grades Strength Application
9H, 8H, 7H, 6H Hard Light constructions
5H, 4H Medium hard Dimensioning, center
lines, invisible object
lines
3H, 2H Medium Visible object lines

H, F Medium soft Lettering and free hand

sketching
HB, B Soft

2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B Softness increases

in the given order
 Cont
Drawing pencils
Selection of drawing pencil
type and quality of drawing paper
how thick and dark you wand the line to be.

Pencil lines should be clean and sharp. They

must be dark enough for the views to be seen
when the standard lines are drawn.
If you use too much pressure, you will groove
the drawing surface. You can avoid this if you
use proper grade of lead.
Turn the pencil between your thumb and
forefinger as you draw a line.
 Cont
Drawing instrument set
It may include compass with pen part and
pencil part, divider, lengthening bar, bow
pen, bow pencil and ruling pens
Dividers:- used to transfer distance
Compass:- used to draw circles or arcs
(which are parts of a circle)
French Curves
Used to draw irregular curves
It is available to align at least three points
the curve to be drawn
 Cont
Triangles
Used to draw lines at standard angles and by
connecting any two points
Template Used to draw
circles of different diameters
Ellipse various size
Bolt heads etc
 Cont
Enlarged Same size Reduced
Scale
2000:1
made from different
1000:1 1:1 1:2
materials. 500:1 1:5
made with different 200:1 1:10
division 100:1 1:20
Metric Scales 50:1 1:50
Metric scales are divided
20:1 1:100
into millimeters.
10:1 1:200

NOTE:- USING PROPER SCALE YOU 5:1 1:500

CAN READ FULL SIZE
MEASUREMENTS FROM 2:1 1:1000
DRAWINGS.
 b) Conventional of lines
TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION
Continuous thick line Visible outlines (boundary lines)

Continuous thin line Dimension lines, leader lines, extension

lines, construction lines & hatching
(Section) lines.
Continuous thin wavy Irregular boundary lines, short break lines,
line (drawn free hand)
Long break lines.
Continuous thin line
with ZIGZAG.
Short dash Invisible edges
Locus lines center lines,
Long chain
chain thin
thin line

Long chain thick at Cutting plane lines.

ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with Phantom line, show alternate position
two dash lines
Cont
c) Borders and Title
Blocks
Borders
provides a safety area to prevent the loss of
important information
approve appearance for presentation purposes
Title Blocks
some items standard: drawing number, sheet
number, title, company name, logo, scale, date,
tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor
d) Laying out of the
paper
Before start drawing, prepare drawing
instruments and clean them properly
The drawing table is to be set in the way of
light comes from the left
Attach the paper near the left edge or position
at equal distance in all directions
cont
e) Free Hand Lettering
Lettering plays a major role in overall
appearance of a drawing.
Lettering should be executed in one stroke
Vertical lettering
Horizontal lettering
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
I letter 1 A letter 1 2 B letter 1

3 6

3
2
 Suggested Strokes Sequence
Upper-case letters & Numerals

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals
 Suggested Strokes Sequence

Lower-case letters

The text s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter.
I L T F

E H
V X W
N M K Z

Y A 4
O Q C G
D U P B

R J 1 2
5 7
S 0 3 6

8 9
Stroke Sequence

l i
Stroke Sequence
v w x k

z
Stroke Sequence

j y f t

r
 Stroke Sequence

c o a b

d p q e
Stroke Sequence
g n m h

u s
 Word Composition
Observe the following word

Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour |||| \ \ | )( )| |(
/
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
 Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

 Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter L and T

slant slant

slant
straight
Example : Good and Poor Lettering
GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

 Sentence Composition

Leave the space between words equal to the space

requires for writing a letter O.

Example

ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN

MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
f) Neatness of a drawing
Should be complete and unambiguous
Should be neat and easy to read
Use only as many views as necessary to show
all required detail
Apply tolerances realistically - overly tight
tolerances can add a great deal of additional
cost with little or not added value to the part
The END of PART I