FUNCTIONS

ECC 3001 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1

CONTENT
Concepts
Type
Composite (Composition)
Inverse
Even
Odd
Periodic
Heaviside
Step
Impulse
CONCEPTS
 CONCEPT
relationshi
Input Output
p
Classical way of writing it: f(x)
Name examples of functions

The basic representation

Function input output

name
Concepts and rules of thumbs

Relationship
x (Function) y
 Concepts and rules of thumbs
Many to one

One to many

Relationship
x (Function) y
Concepts and rules of thumbs
What are the problems with these equations?

l e
y = f(x) = (x-1), x

a b
it ns
y = f(x) = x s u a i
et m
S do
Test Your values

y(x)

x
What can you process with functions:

domain codomain Range {30

230}

30 40 50 60 numerical
2345678
70 80 90 200
9 10 11 12 13
230

100 120 400 variable

TtVmd expand dry
Check the terms

Similar meaning
Reflections: which of these is not a function

B
A

D
C
A={-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3} and f is a function from A to the whole numbers as defined in the table.
Find the domain for f

x y
-3 9
-2 4
-1 1
0 0
1 1
2 4
3 9
COMPOSITE
FUNCTIONS
Composite function
Example
f(x) g(x)
g(x) = 3x2
f(x) = 5x + 4
(g o f)
(x) Evaluate if:

g(f(x)) (g o f)
(x)
gf(x) (f o g)
(x)
 The functions can be changed
Solving
(g o f)
(x) x 5x+4
3(5x+4)2
5x+4 3(5x+4)2 +

(f o g)
(x) 3(x)2 15x2 + 4
x
5(3x2 )+4
3(x)
2
Domain
Functions must Work for all the values
Denominator cannot equal to zero
Practical problem may limit domain
Examples
y = f(x) = (x-1), x

y = f(x) = x
Define suitable domain for the above
equations so that the values for the range are
acceptable
Domains of composite functions
(gf)(x) = g(f(x))
f(x) = x
= (x)2
g(x) = x2
=x

Consider domain for both equation,

what is the difference
Why consider both domains
Decomposing (Breaking Up)
functions
If we have (x+1/x)2
Simplify into two functions f(x) and g(x)
Find the composite functions
and what is (gf(x))
 INVERSE
FUNCTIONS
Is the reverse process viable?
Inverse functions
A function than can go in reverse direction

f(a)=b f-

Domain of f =
Range of f-1
1
(b)=a Domain of f =
Range of f-1
Does this function has an inverse
function?

-x x
Domain in inverse function
Rules Domains
Swap over x and y
Use range of f(x) as the
Make y as the domain for the inverse
subject function
Draw the graph of the
inverse function to find its
What do you deduce? range
Example:

Find the inverse of the function y = f(x) = (x-

2)2 + 3 , x 2
Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f-1(x) on
the same axes showing the relationship
between them.
Conundrum of the inverse
functions
What is the inverse functions of

+2
OTHER FUNCTIONS
 Odd, Even, Periodic Function
Odd Even Periodic

satisfies f(-x) = -f(x) f (-x) = f(x) image values are repeated at

Eg. f(-2) = f(2) regular intervals in its domain.

For all x

graph is antisymmetrical about - Graph is symmetrical about y- Width of image is called the
the origin. axis period (P) of the function

Involves polynomial functions polynomial function such as Freq = circular freq, .

with odd powers. Eg y = x5 x3 y=x4 x2 1, which involves frequency, v, is defined as the
only even powers of x are even reciprocal of its period
functions = 1/period
The product of two odd functions are even

But functions such as :

Y = (x+1)2 is not an even
function why? 30
Odd Even Periodic

period

1
LINEAR FUNCTION
Linear function
y=mx + c
C

Point slope form

 x x1 x xo
f ( x) ( ) fo ( ) f1
xo x1 x1 xo
Use Lagrange if both f(xo) and f(x1) are known values
QUADRATIC
FUNCTIONS
 Quadratic Function

y=ax2 + bx + c

a>0 a<0
Has a min value of (4ac-b2)/4a Has a max value of (4ac-b2)/4a

b2> 4ac b2< 4ac

Can factorize f(x) into the product of two Cannot be factorized
linear factors
Has two zero values Does not have zero value
Irreducible quadratic function
36
POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
Polynomial functions
Poly means many Any operation is allowed
Nomial means terms +, - , x,

But division with variables

are not allowed, e.g. 5/x

constants
variables
exponents(like the 2 in y2), but only0, 1, 2, 3, ...etc are allowed