Normal development of Middle Adult (Kozier and Erb)

Psychosexual Development
At the age of 61 (Genital) Pleasure is directed in the development
of sexual relationships. In this final stage
sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the
family circle. Unresolved prior conflicts surface during adolescence.
Once the individual resolves conflicts, he or she is then capable
of having a mature adult sexual relationship
Psychosocial Development
Ericson defines the developmental task of Middle Adulthood as generativity versus stagnation.
nerativity versus Self-Absorption and Stagnation (Middle
Age). Following the development of an intimate relationship, the
adult focuses on supporting future generations. The ability to
expand ones personal and social involvement is critical to this stage
of development. Middleage adults achieve success in this stage by
contributing to future generations through parenthood, teaching,
and community involvement. Achieving generativity results in
caring for others as a basic strength. Inability to play a role in the
development of the next generation results in stagnation (Santrock,
2008). Nurses assist physically ill adults in choosing creative ways
to foster social development. Middleage persons often find a sense
of fulfillment by volunteering in a local school, hospital, or church
Cognitive Development
period IV: Formal Operations (11 Years to Adulthood). The transi
tion from concrete to formal operational thinking occurs in stages
during which there is a prevalence of egocentric thought. This
egocentricity leads adolescents to demonstrate feelings and behav
iors characterized by selfconsciousness, a belief that their actions
and appearance are constantly being scrutinized (an imaginary
audience), that their thoughts and feelings are unique (the per
sonal fable), and that they are invulnerable (Santrock, 2008).
These feelings of invulnerability frequently lead to risktaking
behaviors, especially in early adolescence. As adolescents share
experiences with peers, they learn that many of their thoughts and
feelings are shared by almost everyone, helping them to know that
they are not so different. As adolescents mature, their thinking
moves to abstract and theoretical subjects. They have the capacity
to reason with respect to possibilities. For Piaget this stage marked
the end of cognitive development
Moral Development:
Level III: Postconventional Reasoning. The person finds
a balance
between basic human rights and obligations and
societal rules and
regulations in the level of postconventional
reasoning.Individuals
move away from moral decisions based on authority or
conformity
to groups to define their own moral values and
principles. Indi
viduals at this stage start to look at what an ideal