Introduction to

Digital
Communication
Electronic Communications
is the transmission, reception, and
processing of information with the
use of electronic circuits
Digital Modulation
is the transmittal of digitally
modulated analog signals (carriers)
between two or more points in a
communications system
sometimes called digital radio
because digitally modulated signals
can be propagated through Earths
atmosphere and used in wireless
communications systems
Digital communications
Is the transmission of digital pulses
between two or more points in a
communication system.
include systems where relatively high-
frequency analog carriers are modulated by
relatively low frequency digital information
signals (digital radio) and systems involving
the transmission of digital pulses (digital
transmission)
was originally limited to the transmission of
data between computers
Basic elements of a digital communication system
Advantages Disadvantages

1. Noise 1. Bandwidth
Immunity size
2. Error Detection 2. Complex
and Correction circuitry
3. Compatibility
with Time-
Division
Multiplexing
Simplified block diagram of a digital radio system
Information theory
is a highly theoretical study of the
efficient use of bandwidth to
propagate information through
electronic communications systems
can be used to determine the
information capacity of a data
communications system
Information capacity
is a measure of how much
information can be propagated
through a communications system
and is a function of bandwidth and
transmission time.
represents the number of
independent symbols that can be
carried through a system in a given
unit of time.
 Binary digit or bit - the most basic
digital symbol used to represent
information
A unit of information represented
by either a 1 or 0
Bit rate - simply the number of bits
transmitted during one second and is
expressed in bits per second(bps).
Information Theory
1. Information Measure
The information sent from a digital
source when the ith message of
transmitter is given by
2. Average Information (Entropy)
- In general, the information content
will vary from message to message
because the probability of
transmitting the nth message will not
be equal. Consequently, we need an
average information measure for the
source, considering all the possible
message we can send.
3. Relative entropy
- The ratio of the entropy of a source to
the maximum value the entropy
could take for the same source
symbol.
4. Redundancy

5. Rate of Information
Example
A telephone touch-tone keypad has
the digits 0 to 9, plus the * and #
keys. Assume the probability of
sending * and # is 0.005 and the
probability of sending 0 to 9 is 0.099.
If each keys are pressed at a rate of
2 keys/s, compute the entropy and
data rate for this source.
Example
From the given table

Determine (a) entropy; (b) relative

entropy; (c) rate of information
Hartleys law
R. Hartley of Bell Telephone
Laboratories (year 1928)

Where: I = information capacity (bps)

B = bandwidth (Hz)
t = transmission time (seconds)
Shannon limit for information
capacity
Claude E. Shannon of Bell Telephone
Laboratories (year 1948)

Where: I =
information capacity
(bps)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
S/N = signal-to-noise
power ratio (unitless)
M-ary Encoding
M-ary ----- is a term derived from the
word binary
M - simply represents a digit that
corresponds to the number of
conditions, levels, or combinations
possible for a given number of binary
variables.

Where: N = number of bits

necessary
M = number of conditions, levels,
or combinations possible with N bits
 Bit rate - refers to the rate of
change of a digital information
signal, which is usually binary.
Baud - like bit rate, is also a rate of
change; however, baud refers to the
rate of change of a signal on the
transmission medium after encoding
and modulation have occurred.
is a unit of transmission rate,
modulation rate, or symbol rate
Where: ts = time of
one signaling element
Examples
1. What is the Shannon limit for
information capacity for a standard
voice band communications channel
with a S/N ratio of 1000 (30 dB) and
a bandwidth of 2.7 kHz?
2. Determine the channel capacity of a
4 kHz channel with S/N = 10 dB.