CECOS University of IT

&
Emerging Sciences

Mechanical Engineering
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
BY
Engr.M Irfan Khan
Lecture # 1

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 A Question?

Define Machine.
What is Machine ????

Amachineis atool
containing one or more
parts that usesenergyto
perform an intended action 3
Types of Machines(Involving Energy)

Types of
Machines

Energy
Energy
Transportation
Transformation
Machines machines

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 Types of Machines(Involving Energy)
Energy Transportation
Energy transformation machines
Machines

Heat Engine Heat Pumps and

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Refrigerators
 DISCUSSION ON BASIC
CONCEPTS
Two important areas of application of
thermodynamics are power generation
and refrigeration.
Both power generation and refrigeration are
usually accomplished by a system that
operates on a thermodynamics cycle.
Thermodynamics cycles can be divided into
two generation categories :
(a) Power Cycles
(b) Refrigeration Cycles
 DISCUSSION ON BASIC
CONCEPTS (CONT)
The devices or systems used to
produce a net power output are often
called engines and the
thermodynamics cycles they operate
on are called power cycle.
The devices or systems use to produce
refrigeration are called refrigerator,
air conditioners or heat pumps and
the cycles they operates on are called
refrigeration cycles.
 THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES CAN
BE CATEGORIZED AS
(a) Power cycles or Refrigeration cycles.

(b) Gas Cycles or Vapor Cycles :

In gas cycles, the working fluid remains in the
gaseous phase throughout the entire cycle, where as
in vapor cycles the working fluid exists in the vapor
phase during one part of the cycle and in the liquid
phase during another part.
(c) Closed Cycles or Open Cycles :
In closed cycles, the working fluid is returned to the
initial state at the end of the cycle and is re-circulated.
In open cycle, the working fluid is renewed at the end
of each cycle instead of being re-circulated.
What is Refrigeration & Air Conditioning ?
Refrigeration: ????

Is a process of moving heat from one location to

another.
Refrigeration may be defined as the process of
achieving and maintaining a temperature below that
of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some
product or space to the required temperature.

The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by

mechanical work, but can also be driven by heat,
magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means

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What is Refrigeration & Air Conditioning ?
Air Conditioning

The process of controlling the

temperature, humidity, cleanliness
and distribution of the air in a
confined space.

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A QUESTION?

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Why do we need Refrigeration & Air Conditioning ?

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COURSE CONTENTS
Refrigeration cycles
Air conditioning
Central air-conditioning System
Load calculation and system
design

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COURSE CONTENTS
Refrigeration cycles:
Discussion on Reversed Carnot, Joule and Rankine
Cycles
Introduction to some basic terms. (refrigerant,
evaporator, condenser, compressors and heat
exchangers etc)
Discussion on Vapour Compression cycle
Discussion on Vapour absorption systems
Understanding COP & Pressure- Enthalpy chart.
Types Of Refrigerants.
Air Cycle Refrigeration
Multiple effect compression, multi-stage compression,
Heat Pumps

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COURSE CONTENTS

Air conditioning
Indoor and outdoor air conditions,
comfort conditions and comfort
zone,
Indoor air quality, Psychrometry.
Basic types of Air conditioners unit,

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COURSE CONTENTS
Central air-conditioning System:
Essential components of central air-conditioning
plant, water chiller and water heater, air handling
units
Chilled water and hot water recirculation system,
Return air supply system, fresh air supply system
air mixture chamber,
Supply fan, air dust cleaning and bacteria
removal, air supply and air return terminals,
diffusers and grilles
CFM rating and tons of air-conditioning of a
central air-conditioning plant.

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COURSE CONTENTS
Load calculation and system design:
Cooling and heating load calculation
procedures.
More on Cooling and heating load calculation
procedures
Duct Sizing & Piping Design
Pumps and fans selection, air ventilation
Calculation of fresh air supply of a multi story
building, air handling unit for untreated fresh
air.
Forced convection based air ventilator design
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 OBJECTIVES
To understand refrigeration systems.
To develop basic ideas about cycle
analysis and designing parameters
pertaining to refrigeration and air
conditioning systems
To deal with the problems related to
architectural, building services,
HVAC, equipment

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 CYCLES WE HAVE TO
STUDY
Carnot Cycle
Joule Cycle/Brayton
cycle

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 A QUESTION ??????

What is a heat
engine

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POWER CYCLES

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CARNOT CYCLE

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CARNOT CYCLE (CONT.)

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CARNOT CYCLE (CONT..)

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CARNOT CYCLE
(CONT..)

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Carnot cycle

Problems/Shortcomings

Advantage/Applicatio
n

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 Carnot Cycle applied to
Refrigeration
CARNOT REFRIGERATOR IS SIMPLY A
REVERSED CARNOT HEAT
ENGINE, WITH A SEQUENCE OF FOUR
REVERSIBLE PROCESSES

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Carnot Cycle applied to
Refrigeration

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CARNOT PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO A
REFRIGERATOR

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CARNOT PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO A REFRIGERATOR

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Efficiency of Carnot Cycle applied to
Refrigeration

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Ideal Brayton/Joule cycle

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 Ideal Brayton/Joule cycle

Isentropic Process- ambient air is drawn into the

compressor, where it is pressurized.
Isobaric Process- the compressed air then runs
through a combustion chamber, where fuel is burned,
heating that aira constant-pressure process, since
the chamber is open to flow in and out.
Isentropic Process - the heated, pressurized air then
gives up its energy, expanding through a turbine (or
series of turbines). Some of the work extracted by the
turbine is used to drive the compressor.
Isobaric Process - heat rejection (in the atmosphere).

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 Ideal Brayton/Joule cycle

The efficiency of the ideal Brayton

cycle is given by.
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Reversed Joule Cycle

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Reversed Joule Cycle

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 Reversed Brayton
Cycle
is also called
Bell-Coleman Cycle
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 What We have
accomplished today
Introduction to the course its
contents and objectives
Definition and Importance of the
course
Cycles used in Refrigeration
Reversed Carnot and Joule Cycle

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 Next lecture
COP ??
Introduction to some basic
terms/Components. (refrigerant,
evaporator, condenser, compressors
and heat exchangers etc)
Discussion on Vapour Compression
cycle

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