Chapter 4 Motion in Two and Three

Dimensions

Position and Displacement

Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
Average Acceleration & Instantaneous Acceleration
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion Analyzed
Uniform Circular Motion
Relative Motion in One Dimension
Relative Motion in Two
Dimensions
Position and Displacement
Position vector:

Displacement :
EXAMPLE 1: Displacement
In Fig., the position vector for a
particle is initially at

and then later is

What is the particle's displacement from to

r1 r2 ?
 Problem 2
A rabbit runs across a parking lot on which a set of
coordinate axes has, strangely enough, been drawn. The
coordinates of the rabbits position as functions of time t
(second) are given by
x = - 0.31t2 + 7.2t + 28
y = 0.22t2 9.1t + 30

At t=15 s, what is the rabbits position vector in

unit-vector notation and in magnitude-angle
notation? ( r=(66m)i (57m)j, = - 410 )

Graph the rabbits path for t = 0 to t = 25 s

 Average and Instantaneous Velocity

Instantaneous velocity is:

 Particles Path vs Velocity
Displacement: The velocity vector

The direction of the instantaneous velocity of

a particle is always tangent to the particles
path at the particles position.
 Problem 3
A rabbit runs across a parking lot on which a set of
coordinate
axesrabbits
the has, strangely
position enough, beenofdrawn.
as functions The coordinates
time t (second) of
are given
by
x = - 0.31t2 + 7.2t + 28
y = 0.22t2 9.1t + 30

At t=15 s, what is the rabbits velocity vector in unit-vector

notation and in magnitude-angle notation?
(v= - (2.1 m/s)i (2.5m/s)j )
 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration

Average acceleration is

v
a v x i v y j vz k a x i a y j a z k
t t t t

Instantaneous acceleration is
 Speed up or slow down

If the velocity and acceleration components

along a given axis have the same sign then
they are in the same direction. In this case,
the object will speed up.

If the acceleration and velocity components have

opposite signs, then they are in opposite
directions. Under these conditions, the object will
slow down.
 Problem 4
A rabbit runs across a parking lot on which a set of
coordinate axes has, strangely enough, been drawn. The
coordinates of the rabbits position as functions of time t
(second) are given by
x = - 0.31t2 + 7.2t + 28
y = 0.22t2 9.1t + 30

At t=15 s, what is the rabbits acceleration vector in

unit-vector notation and in magnitude-angle notation?
( a = -0.62m/s2)I + (0.44m/s2)j ,
How to solve two-dimensional motion problem?
One ball is released from rest at the same instant that
another ball is shot horizontally to the right

The horizontal and vertical

motions (at right angles to each
other) are independent, and the
path of such a motion can be
found by combining its horizontal
and vertical position components.

By Galileo
Projectile Motion

A particle moves in a
vertical plane with some
initial velocity but its
acceleration is always the
free-fall acceleration g,
which is downward. Such a
particle is called a
projectile and its motion is
called projectile motion.
Properties of Projectile Motion
The Horizontal Motion:
no acceleration
velocity vx remains
unchanged from its initial
value throughout the motion
The horizontal range R is
maximum for a launch angle
of 45

The vertical Motion:

Constant acceleration g
velocity vy=0 at the highest
point.
 Equation
v = v + at
2D Motion to 0
x - x0 = v0t + at2
Projectile v2 =
v
+ 2a(x - x )
0
x - x0 = (v + v)t
Motion 0
0
x - x0 = vt2
at2

x - x = v cos t + 0
0 0
y - y = v sin t + (-g)t2
0 0
vy = v0sin + (-g)t
2 2
vy = (v0sin) + 2(-g)(y - y0)
 Derivation for :
The equation of the The horizontal range
path

The maximum height

Example 4 A Falling Care Package
Figure shows an airplane moving
horizontally with a constant velocity
of +115 m/s at an altitude of 1050
m. The directions to the right and
upward have been chosen as the
positive directions. The plane
releases a care package that falls
to the ground along a curved
trajectory. Ignoring air resistance,
(a). determine the time required for
the package to hit the ground
(2100.5s)
(b) find the speed of package B and
the direction of the velocity vector
just before package B hits the
ground. (v=115i 144.9j) m/s
 Example 5 The Height of a Kickoff
A placekicker kicks a football at an angle of =40.0o above
the horizontal axis, as Figure shows. The initial speed of the
ball is
(a) Ignore air resistance and find the maximum height H that the

ball attains.
(b) Determine the time of flight between kickoff and landing.
(c). Calculate the range R of the projectile.
 A airplane has a speed of 290 km/h and is
diving at an angle of 300 below the
horizontal when the pilot releases a boom.
The horizontal distance between the
release point and the point where the
boom strikes the ground is 700 m. (a) how
long is the boom in the air? (b) how high
was released point? (10s, 897m)
 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Uniform circular motion is the motion of an
object traveling at a constant (uniform)
speed
on a circular path
 Properties of UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

is the time for a particle to go

Period of the motion T:

around a closed path

Average speed is :

This number of revolutions in a given time is known as

the frequency, f.
Example 6 A Tire-Balancing Machine

The wheel of a car has a radius of r=0.29

m and is being rotated at 830 revolutions
per minute (rpm) on a tire-balancing
machine. Determine the speed (in m/s)
at which the outer edge of the wheel is
moving.
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
Magnitude: The centripetal acceleration
of an object moving with a speed v on a
circular path of radius r has a magnitude
a given by
c
v2 Prove this !!!
ac
R

Direction: The centripetal

acceleration vector always points
toward the center of the circle and
continually changes direction as
the object moves.
Check Your Understanding
The car in the drawing is
moving clockwise around a
circular section of road at a
constant speed. What are
the directions of its velocity
and acceleration at
following positions?
Specify your responses as
north, east, south, or west.

(a) position 1
(b) position 2
Example 7 The Effect of Radius on Centripetal Acceleration

The bobsled track at the

1994 Olympics in

Lillehammer, Norway,
contained turns with radii
of 33 m and 24 m, as
Figure illustrates. Find the
centripetal acceleration at
each turn for a speed of
34 m/s, a speed that was
achieved in the two-man
event. Express the