Design of Energy

Harvesting Circuits

Presented by:
Mohd Yasir
Roll No: 759554

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 Outline
Introduction
Need for Energy Harvesting
Advantages
Types of Energy Harvesting
Projects on Energy Harvesting
DC/DC Converter
Transistor Implementation of Boost Converter
Boosting Technique
FinFET based DC/DC Converter
Conclusions
References

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 Introduction
What is meant by Energy Harvesting ?

According to Institute of Physics:

Energy Harvesting or Energy Scavenging

is a process that captures small amount of energy
that would otherwise be lost as heat , light , sound,
vibration or movement .

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 Need for Energy Harvesting
Efficient use of energy sources.
Easy and simple life with the technological advancement.
Less labor and more intelligent application.
To take care of the non renewable energy sources.

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Energy Harvesting

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 Advantages
Fulfilling basic needs of livelihood, e.g.. electricity.
The increased battery life.
Reducing the pollution effects.
Application in the medical field.
Trying to remove pressure on the non-renewable sources of
energy.
and many more.

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 Types of Energy Harvesting
Solar
Thermal
Kinetic
Wind
RF etc.

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 Projects on Energy Harvesting
Energy harvesting solutions: In Paris , 10 energy harvesting
solutions for 2012 was provided in a meeting of scientists
titled Energy Harvesting in Action -2012
Its main aim was to invent new ideas and implement the
techniques of modern energy harvesting.
It was focused on utilizing human activities and the body
functions for the harvesting process.
The new energy harvesting techniques provided a more better
world of technologies.

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 Some of these Projects are:
Ear-powered batteries

The chip is small enough to fit in the cavity of the middle ear

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 Generating electricity from breathing

A concept mask that converts wind energy -provided by the wearer's breath- into
electricity for the recharging of small electronic devices.
By Jao Paulo an industrial designer in London
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 Wearable human motion energy harvester

Jacket with the electrical generator

Figure .a - set of flat spiral shaped coils, b - location of the inductive
elements, c location of the magnet, d permanent magnet
By Researchers from Riga Technical University, in Latvia
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 Disadvantages
The Cost Factor
The noise factor in windmills
Insufficient efficiency in many energy harvesting processes

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Block Diagram of Energy
Harvesting System

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 DC/DC Converter
A DC/DC converter is an electronic circuit which
converts a source of DC from one voltage level to another
It is also used for other purposes like noise isolation, voltage
regulation etc.
Voltage regulation is required because voltage on the storage
element may change depending on the rate of power
generation and usage
Switching concept is used to control the output voltage of
DC/DC converters

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 Classification of DC/DC
Converter
According to the performance there are two types of basic
DC/DC converters:

Buck Converter
Boost Converter

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 Boost Converter
A boost converter is also known as step up DC/DC

converter
A boost converter is a DC/DC converter which produces a
DC voltage larger than input voltage, i.e. Vout > VS
Average output voltage Vout of boost converter is given by
Where:
VS = Input voltage
= Duty cycle of the
clock controlling switch

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 Transistor Implementation of
Boost Converter
Output voltage
Where:
Vdd = Input voltage
= Duty cycle of the clock controlling
switch
If M1 is always off, = 0 then
Vout = Vdd
If M1 is always on, = 1 then
Vout =

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 Boosting Technique
Clock generator produces 75% duty cycle clock which consists of:
Ring oscillator formed by odd number of inverter stages, followed by a D
FF, followed by a NAND gate
Buffer consists of even number of inverter stages

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 FinFET based DC/DC
Converter
CMOS transistors are replaced with FinFETs which provide:
Nearly ideal turn off in subthreshold voltages, giving lower I off, allowing lower
VTH
Higher current density
Reduced Short Channel Effects (SCEs)
Lower operating voltages
Larger mobility ()
FinFET based ring oscillator provide
nearly ideal clock signals

Basic Structure of FinFET

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Comparison of Area of
Switching Transistors
[2] [1]

First Stage Switch 9.5mm1.5m 300m32nm

Transistor Area (WL)

Second Stage Switch 4mm240nm 300m32nm

Transistor Area (WL)

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Comparison of Inductor
Values
[2] [1]

First Stage Inductor 27 2

Value (H)

Second Stage Inductor 1.8 0.4

Value (H)

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Comparison of State-of-the-
Art Circuits
Parameter [3] [6] [7] [4] [5] [2] [1]

Process 0.18m 0.09m 0.35m 0.13m 0.35m 0.18m 32nm

Input Voltage 200mV 300mV 600mV 20mV 35mV 120mV 120mV

Output Voltage 1.2V 1V 2V 1V 1.8V 1.2V 2.9V

External
None None 2V 0.65V None None None
Voltage

External 2 V Buffer 1 Inductor 1 Inductor

2 Inductors None 2 Inductors 2 Inductors
Component Capacitor 2 Capacitors 1 Switch

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 Conclusions
Energy harvesting will have an important role in future
microelectronic devices
Several factors like higher cost, lack of resources are affecting
its growth but we should pay attention on the encouraging
factors
By using energy harvesting techniques, we can reduce the
risk of depletion of non-renewable sources of energy
FinFETs appear to be the device of choice below 20nm
Values of inductors and the transistors area required with
FinFETs are much lower than MOSFETs

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 Future Scope of Work
Technologies beyond CMOS other than FinFET like CNFET,
Tunnel FET (TFET), etc. can also be used to reduce VTH
further
Independent gate type of FinFET configuration can also be
used to reduce number of transistors used in Energy
Harvesting System
Efficiency of DC/DC Converter is still very low, research must
also be devoted to enhance the efficiency of DC/DC Converter

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 References
[1] M. Yasir, and M. Hasan, High Performance Compact FinFET Based Inductive
Boost Converter, in 13th International Conference on Instrumentation,
Measurement, Circuits and Systems (IMCAS14), Dec. 2014, Istanbul,
Turkey, pp 231-238
[2] A. Richelli, S. Comensoli, and Z. M. Kovacs-Vajna, A DC/DC Boosting
Technique and Power Management for Ultralow-Voltage Energy Harvesting
Applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 2701-2708, June 2012
[3] A. Richelli, L. Colalongo, S. Tonoli, and Z. M. Kovacs-Vajna, A 0.2 V1.2 V
dc/dc boost converter for power harvesting applications, IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 15411546, Jun. 2009
[4] E. Carlson, K. Strunz, and B. Otis, 20 mV input boost converter for
thermoelectric energy harvesting, in VLSI Symp. Tech. Dig., Jun. 2009, pp. 162163
[5] Y. K. Ramadass and A. P. Chandrakasan, A batteryless thermoelectric energy-
harvesting interface circuit with 35 mV startup voltage, in Proc. ISSCC, Feb. 2010,
pp. 486487

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 References
[6] T. K. Halvorsen, H. A. Hjortland, and T. S. Lande, Power harvesting
circuits in 90 nm CMOS, in Proc. NORCHIP, Nov. 2008, pp. 154157
[7] I. Doms, P. Merken, R. Mertens, and C. Van Hoof, Integrated capacitive
power-management circuit for thermal harvesters with output power 10 to
1000W, in Proc. ISSCC, Feb. 2009, pp. 300301
[8] S. Sudevalayam and P. Kulkarni, Energy harvesting sensor nodes: Survey
and implications, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials, vol. 13, no.3, pp. 443444,
2011
[9] R. Rajesh, V. Sharma, and P. Viswanath, Information capacity of energy
harvesting sensor nodes, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Inf. Theory, Aug. 5, 2011,
pp. 23632367.

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THANK
YOU
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