LEVELS OF PREVENTION

(LEAVELL & CLARK)

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ANY DISEASE OF MAN
Interrelation of Agent, Host, and Environmental Reaction of the HOST to the STIMULUS
factors
Early Discernible Advanced
pathogenesis earlyl esions disease Convalescence
Production of STIMULUS
PREPATHOGENESIS PERIOD PERIOD OF PATHOGENESIS

EARLY DIAGNOSIS and REHABILITATION

HEALTH PROMOTION
SPECIFIC PROTECTION
Use of specific
Immunizations
Health education
Attention to
Good standard
of nutrition personal hygiene
Use of environmental
Provision of adequate
sanitation
Housing, recreation,
and agreeable
work conditions Protection against
occupational hazards
Marriage counseling
and sex education Protection from accidents
Use of specific nutrients
Genetics
Protection from carsinogens To shorten period of disability
Avoidance of allergens
PROMPT TREATMENT
Case-finding measures,
individual and mass
Screening survey
Selective examinations
Objectives :
To cure and prevent
disease processes
To prevent the spread of
communicable diseases
To prevent complications
and sequele
Provision of hospital
and community facilities
DISABILITY LIMITATION for retraining and
education for
maximum use
Adequate treatment of remaining capacities
to arrest
the disease process Education of the public
and to prevent and industry to utilized
further complication the rehabilitated
and sequelae as full employment
Provision of Selective placement
facilities to limit
disability Work therapy in hospitals
and to prevent death
Use of sheltered colony

PRIMARY PREVENTION SECONDARY PREVENTION TERTIARY PREVENTION

LEVELS OF APPLICATION of PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF OMSK
The course of the disease in man DEATH

Interrelations of the various Chronic

state
AGENT: PYOGENIC BACTERIA
Disability
DEAFNESS
HOST: HUMAN illness
(IMMUNOLOGIC, MASTOIDITIS
AGE, NUTRITION Defect
OMSK
Signs and
ENVIRONMENT: CLINICAL HORIZON symptom :
(HYGIENE, URTI / OMA
SANIATION ssand
Tissue
physiologic URTI
Bring AGENT and Immunity and
changes resistance
HOST together
STIMULUS and AGENT
STIMULUS or BECOMES established and Eustachian tube
AGENT becomes increases by multiplication or resistance RECOVERY
Or Produce a increment
disease-provoking

STIMULUS Interactions of HOST HOST REACTION

in and SIMULUS
huma Discernible
Early Advanced
n pathogenesis early lesions Convalescence
HOST disease

PREPATHOGENESIS
PERIOD PERIOD OF PAT H O G E N E S I S
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF OMSK
Interrelation of Agent, Host, and Environmental Reaction of the HOST to the STIMULUS
factors
Early URTI/OMA OMSK/MAS
Production of STIMULUS
pathogenesis TOIDITIS Convalescence

PREPATHOGENESIS PERIOD PERIOD OF PATHOGENESIS

EARLY DIAGNOSIS and REHABILITATION

HEALTH PROMOTION PROMPT TREATMENT
Provision of hospital
Early/ adequate and community facilities
treatment of URTI DISABILITY LIMITATION for retraining and
Health education
Adequate Treatment of education for
Good standard OMA maximum use
of nutrition Adequate treatment of remaining capacities
SPECIFIC PROTECTION to arrest
Provision of adequate Objectives : the disease process Education of the public
Housing Avoid recurrent URTI To cure and prevent and to prevent and industry to utilized
disease processes further complication the rehabilitated
Hygiene, sanitation and sequelae as full employment

To prevent complications Provision of Selective placement

and sequele facilities to limit
disability Work therapy in hospitals
To shorten period of disability and to prevent death
Use of sheltered colony

PRIMARY PREVENTION SECONDARY PREVENTION TERTIARY PREVENTION

LEVELS OF APPLICATION of PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 Levels of prevention
(diabetic retinopathy)

Primary prevention:
Health promotion
Balance diet, exercise (healthy life)
Specific protection:
For high risk : low GI diet, exercise
 Secondary Prevention
Early diagnosis & prompt treatment:
- DM screening
- Adequate and continuing treatment
- Avoid complication:
(microvascular, macrovascular) through
maintenance normal blood sugar
to avoid hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia
DM diet
 Tertiary prevention
- Disability limitation
Prevent from blindness caused by
diabetic retinopathy through DM control

- Rehabilitation: to save and rehabilitated

vision as much as possible.
 Health promotion

Stroke Clinical
Heart/CV care
disease

Time Smoking Quit

Community Tobacco
environment control