Todays Plan: 3/16/16

Bellwork: Quick recap of important

info/sign up for which recovery test
youd like (10 mins)
Look at yesterdays test (15 mins)
Begin Genetics notes/Look at HW (15
mins)
Punnett Squares Practice (the rest of
class)
Todays Plan: 3/17/16
Bellwork: Practice Dihybrid cross (15
mins)
Mono, dihybrid, and polygenic
practice (45 mins)
Continue notes (the rest of class)
Todays Plan: 3/18/16
Polygenic practice problems (20 mins)
Talk about practice (10 mins)
Sex-linked traits examples and
practice (20 mins)
Polyallelic traits (the rest of class)
Todays Plan: 3/21/16
Bellwork: Blood type practice and
instruction (30 mins)
Pedigrees (the rest of class)
Todays Plan: 3/22/16
Genetics Quest (45 mins)
After the quest-work on the DNA
structure activity at your seat
Mendel and Genetics
Mendel bred pea plants to determine the rules of
heredity
Terms:
P=Parent generation
F1=First filial generation (offspring from P)
F2=Second filial generation (offspring from F1)
Allele=alternate form of a trait
Dominant=always expressed
Recessive=only expressed if dominant isnt present
Homozygous=2 copies of the same allele
Heterozygous=2 different alleles
Genotype=Combination of genes
Phenotype=Expression of the combination of genes
What Mendel figured out
Rarely blending of inheritance (purple x
white yields either purple or white, not
lavendar)
Alternate versions of each gene exist (2
alleles for each gene)
Each individual inherits 1 allele from each
parent
Predictable ratios occur when crossing
individuals
+ 2 laws of inheritance
Laws of Genetics
Law of Segregation-Traits are
separated from one another in the
parents (we now know that this is
due to meiosis)
Law of Independent Assortment-The
inheritance of one trait doesnt affect
the inheritance of another (this is
only true if traits are on different
chromosomes, i.e, not linked)
Figure 13-7
Rr parent

Dominant allele Recessive allele

for seed shape for seed shape

Chromosomes replicate

Meiosis I
Alleles segregate

Meiosis II
Gametes

Principle of segregation: Each gamete carries only

one allele for seed shape, because the alleles have
segregated during meiosis.
Figure 13-8

R
y y R Replicated chromosomes
r prior to meiosis
r
Y
Y

R Rr r Alleles for seed shape

R R r r
Alleles for seed color
Chromosomes can line up in
two ways during meiosis I
Y Y y y y yY Y

R R Meiosis I r r R R Meiosis I r r

Y Y y y y y Y Y

Meiosis II Meiosis II
r r
Gametes

R r R R r
R
y y y Y Y
Y Y y

1/4 RY 1/4 ry 1/4 Ry 1/4 rY

Principle of independent assortment: The genes for seed shape and seed color
assort independently, because they are located on different chromosomes.
Types of crosses
Monohybrids-tracing inheritance of 1
trait at a time
Dihybrids-tracing inheritance of 2
traits together at a time
Testcross-crossing individual
expressing dominant gene with an
individual expressing the recessive to
determine the dominants genotype
Figure 13-4
A cross between two homozygotes
Homozygous
mother

Meiosis

Female gametes

Male gametes
Homozygous
father

Meiosis

Offspring genotypes: All Rr (heterozygous)

Offspring phenotypes: All round seeds

A cross between two heterozygotes

Heterozygous
mother

Female gametes

Heterozygous
Male gametes

father

Offspring genotypes: 1/4 RR : 1/2 Rr : 1/4 rr

Offspring phenotypes: 3/4 round : 1/4 wrinkled
Figure 13-5a Hypothesis of independent assortment:
Alleles of different genes dont stay together when gametes form.
Female parent

F1 PUNNET SQUARE Female gametes

Male gametes
Male parent

F1 offspring all RrYy

F2 female parent
Alleles at R gene and Y gene
go to gametes independently
of each other

F2 PUNNET SQUARE Female gametes

F2 male
parent
Male gametes

F2 offspring genotypes: 9/16 RY : 3/16 Ryy : 3/16 rrY : 1/16 rryy

F2 offspring phenotypes: 9/16 : 3/16 : 3/16 : 1/16
Beyond what Mendel Knew
There are occasionally traits that
follow different inheritance patterns
Differing degrees of inheritance
Codominant alleles-2 dominant alleles,
both are expressed side-by-side
Incomplete dominance-dominant cant
completely cover the recessive, so the
recessive is partially expressed (blending
of inheritance
Figure 13-17b
Incomplete dominance in flower color

Parental
generation

F1 generation

Self-fertilization

F2 generation

Purple Lavender White

But what is dominant, really?
Tay-Sachs-inability to metabolize certain lipids
because of a malfunctioning enzyme
Only children with 2 copies of the allele have the
disease-at the organismal level, this is recessive
However, heterozygotes, biochemically appear to be
the result of incomplete dominance-lipid metabolism
levels are intermediate between those who dont have
Tay-Sachs and those who
Molecularly, heterozygotes produce equal levels of
functional and non-functional enzymes-appearing to
be co-dominant
Other single-gene locus influences
Multiple alleles
Ex: Human Blood type
IA, IB, i
Pleiotropy
When a single gene affects many traits
Ex: sickle cell disease and its multiple
symptoms
Sex-linked Traits
X-chromosome inheritance
b/c males have only 1 copy, theyre most
likely affected by these, but females can
still inherit these
Pass from mother to children
Y-chromosome inheritance
Only males affected
Pass from father to sons
Two or more genes
Epistasis
One gene alters the expression of another at a
separate locus
Ex: in mice, B=black, b=brown, however, a second
gene determines whether or not pigment will be
deposited in the fur, so if organism is homozygous
recessive for that gene, the mouse is albino
Polygenic Traits
Ex: human height, skin color, hair color
Spectrum of possible phenotypes that exist along a
bell curve
Multiple genes and therefore lots of combinations of
dominant and recessive alleles influence these traits
Figure 13-19

A phenotype distribution that forms a bell-shaped curve. Normal distributionbell-shaped curve

Figure 13-20

Wheat kernel color is a quantitative trait. Hypothesis to explain inheritance of kernel color
Parental aa bb cc AA BB CC
generation (pure-line white) (pure-line red)

F1 Aa Bb Cc
generation (medium red)

Self-fertilization

F2 20
generation
15 15

6 6
1 1
Other Genetic Patterns
X-Inactivation-In females only, one X chromosome is
inactivated (Barr Body) in each cell.
Different cells may inactivate a different X
ex: calico cats (Black, orange), lymph node patterns
in women
Linkage-Recall that genes found on the same
chromosome are linked
These dont segregate via meiosis
The only way to get recombinations is via crossing
over, therefore the further apart these are, the more
chance of a crossover between them
% recombinants is proportional to the distance linked
traits have between them-see AP Lab 3 Sordaria
Does Genotype determine
Phenotype?
The short answer is no!
Environmental influences also affect
gene expression, giving us a norm of
reaction for a phenotype (range of
possible phenotypes)
Pedigree Analysis
Pedigrees are family trees that use
specific notations that geneticists use
to predict the inheritance pattern of a
trait
Figure 13-21

I Carrier male Carrier female

Each row represents a generation

Carriers
(heterozygotes)
are indicated
with half-filled
symbols

II

Affected
III male

Affected
IV female
Figure 13-23

I Queen Victoria Prince Albert

Female carrier of
hemophilia allele

II

Affected
male
III

IV
Commonly Inherited Disorders
Recessives
Tay-Sachs, Sickle Cell, Cystic Fibrosis,
albinism
Dominants
Marfan syndrome, Huntingtons disease,
Dwarfism
Sex-linked, X-chromosome
Color-blindness, several forms of
muscular dystrophy, pattern baldness,
hemophilia
Beyond the Chromosome Theory of
Inheritance
Genomic Imprinting
Occurs in about 2-3 dozen autosomally inherited
traits
Which parent passed the gene matters in the
inheritance pattern
Ex: Insulin-like growth factor 2 in mice-only
paternally inherited forms are active
Extranuclear Genes
Recall that organelles, like mitochondria and
chloroplasts have circular pieces of DNA
These are capable of replicating and being
passed to daughter organelles during Mitosis
These are matrolineal