Experimental Particle Physics

Standard Model Measurements

Albert De Roeck
CERN,
CERN, Geneva,
Geneva, Switzerland
Switzerland
Antwerp
Antwerp University
University Belgium
Belgium
UC-Davis
UC-Davis California
California USA
USA
NTU,
NTU, Singapore
Singapore

30thth August 2016

 Lecture Plan

Overview of the 3 lectures in the next days

Lecture 1: Introduction to Experimental
Particle Physics: LHC as main example
Lecture 2: Measurements and test of the
Standard Model, including the Higgs
Lecture 3: Searches beyond the Standard
Model and a short Outlook to the future at
the LHC
Outline Lecture II

Soft pp collisions and

multi-
particle production
QCD hard scattering
Electroweak processes
Top production
The Higgs particle
Summary

3
 pp-Collisions : Complications
Protons have structure Parton
distributions

Underlying event
Pile-up: approximate 20 collisions per
bunch crossing in 2012 (more in future

Pile-up 2012!!
Much more in 2015+
Z event with ~20 reconstructed vertices (2012)
 Proton-proton Collisions
Most interactions due to collisions at large distance between incoming
protons where protons interact as a whole
small momentum transfer (p /x )
particles in final state have large longitudinal momentum but small
transverse momentum (scattering at large angle is small)

< pT > 500 MeV of charged particles in final state

Most energy escapes down the beam pipe.

These are called soft events

A minimum bias data event sample is dominated by soft events
Proton-proton collisions and PDFs
Parton Distribution Functions: the probability of finding
a parton with momentum fraction x in the proton

Structure function
measurements eg
from HERA
Simple spread of existing PDFs gives
up to 10% uncertainty on Higgs cross
Now also LHC pp
section. Possible gain ~ factor of 2
data used to
with final HERA data (PDF4LHC)
constrain PDFs
Proton-Proton Collisions
Cross sections at the LHC

Well known
processes, dont
need to keep all of
them

New Physics!!
This we want to keep!!
 Standard Model Measurements
Standard Model measurements form an integer part of the
physics program of the LHC
Precision measurements allow test for a wide range of SM
predictions, and extract fundamental parameters (eg s)
Requires matching precision at theory prediction side
Important to understand backgrounds for searches for new
physics
Cross Sections Many processes studied: Examples
Soft pp Collisions
 The Total Cross Section

Diffractive and non-Diffractive Processes

The total cross section
consists of different
contributions:

Elastic pp-> pp
Diffractive
Non-Diffractive

First Measurement:
The total cross section
The TOTEM Experiment

12
 Elastic/Total pp Cross Section
TOTEM = Roman Pots + Forward Detectors
TOTEM uses the same IP as CMS (IP5) EPL 101 21004 (2003

Future: High beta measurements for Coulomb-Nuclear

interference
 Elastic/Total pp Cross Section

Alfa result

arXiv:1408.5778
 Total Inelastic Cross Section @ 8 TeV
A new measurement from ATLAS using their ALFA spectrometer
using the optical theorem

arXiv:1607.06605

Value at 8
TeV
is 1.9 lower
compared to
TOTEM!
 Total Inelastic Cross Section @ 13 TeV
rst very rough measurement from ATLAS counting inelastic events
easured with single side events in the detector to constrain diffraction
arXiv:1606.02625
 Diffractive Cross Sections

Single diffraction Double diffraction

arXiv:1208.4968
 Diffraction at the LHC
arXiv:1503.08689

Analysis based on rapidity

gaps as defined here:

Run-II+ detectors:
FSCs, TOTEM-CMS, ALFA, Low mass extrapolation?
upgrades
Understanding Particle Production
Proton-Proton Collisions:

What particles are produced and with what energies and angles?
 First Publication with 13 TeV Data!

Using the
pixel detector
 LHC @ 13 TeV Results
arXiv:1602.01633
arXiv:1507.05915 arXiv:1602.01633

Among the first papers @ 13 TeV!!: dNcharged/d of min. bias events

 Underlying Event Studies
e underlying event is everything except the hard scattering and its radia
n important systematic effect for precision measurements, eg top mass
ll central detectors have made measurements in the transverse region

Measure the particle

flow in transverse
region as function
of the hard scale

7 TeV

900 GeV
 Correlations Between Produced Particles
Select high multiplicity events
Study the correlation between
two charged particles in the
angles (transverse):
and (longitudinal):

= -ln tan/2
All events High multiplicity events

A new phenomenon
in the stronge force?
Multiple interactions?
Glass condensates?
Hydrodynamic models
JHEP 1009 (2010) 091
Understanding the Ridge in pp collisions? New measurements at
13 TeV!
Correlations Between Produced Particles

Effect the same at both CMS energies

Multiple interactions? Glass condensates? Hydrodynamic models?

Still a bit of a mystery!!
 Forward Particles Measurements
LHCf uses the same Interaction Point as ATLAS (IP1)
LHCf has forward detectors at zero degrees seen from the IP
(140 away
from the IP): Measure the forward photons/pions for cosmic ray
studies
PLB 703 (2011) 128

Forward gamma measurement compared

to Monte Carlos for Cosmic Ray studies
No model reproduces the data well !!

Important for understanding of cosmic ray data

Hard Scattering
Perturbative QCD
 Inclusive Jet Production (8 TeV)
CMS-PAS-SMP-15-007

Differential cross sections with R=0.7 and R=0.4

Jet pT spectrum consistent with predictions
from NLOJET++

Agreement with NLO calculations over the full range, up to and beyond
2 TeV pT jets QCD predictions work well
 Jet Studies
Plenty of studies with jets

The highest mass dijet events

recorded so far in run-II
Examples of ongoing
studies
Dijet invariant mass = 7.9
Azimuthal correlations
TeV
Multi-jet production
Jet substructure and
boosted jet analyses
Forward jet production
Strong coupling
constant
s determination
later
PDF sensitivity and
New Directions: Boosted Jets & Substructure

Analyse boosted/merged
jets arXiv:0802.2470

Start from Cambridge-Aachen FAT jets and apply jet pruning to

find sub-jets
Many methods being developed to analyse the jet substructure:
grooming->
Example:
mass dropBoosted
filtering,top events pruning
trimming, with b-jet and two merged jets from
the W
 Extracting the Strong Coupling Constant
Measure the ratio of 3-jet to 2-jet events
his measurement is sensitive to the fundamental QCD parameter s
-jets within the range of 420 - 1390 GeV, pT of all jets larger than 150 Ge

World average

arXiv:1304.7498
 Determination of s
Several processes
used to extract s

7 TeV analysis
NLO extractions
Theory uncert.
dominate

arXiv:1304.7498
arXiv:1412.1633
arXiv:1410.6765
arXiv:1307.1907

R32 jet ratios

Inclusive jets For CTNLO PDFs
Top production NNLO & Assuming 173.2 top poles mass
 PDF Information@ LHC
Many process are sensitive to the parton distributions functions (PDFs)
Some are already included in the global PDF fits by the fitter groups
top/Z

global fits
jets

top W
photons
Heavy Ion Collisions
 Heavy Ion Collisions
Lead-lead collisions at the LHC to study the primordial plasma,
a state of matter in the early moments of the Universe
Hundreds of particles
in the detector

Study the phase transition

of a state of quark gluon
plasma created at the time
of the early Universe to
the baryonic matter we
observe today

A recorded lead lead collision in the CMS detector

 Heavy Ion Collisions
A new state of matter: observed at
SPS and RHIC
Further studied at the LHC
- larger temperature, volume, energy
density and lifetime
- large cross section for hard probes
ALICE especially designed for HIC
CMS, ATLAS and LHCb take and analyse
pPb & PbPb data too
 Highlights from the LHC

J. Schukraft, Kruger 2014

W, Z Production
A
 W and Z Boson Production
Select final states with leptons
CMS-PAS-SMP-15-011
arXiv:1603.09222

Missing transverse energy Z peak (di-muon pair

from the W + decays mass distributions)
 W and Z Boson Production
Contains a new measurements at 13 TeV!
with about 5% precision (~lumi uncert.)

CMS-PAS-SMP-15-004

any detailed EWK studies possible and done-- with the large Z,W sample
 W and Z Production at 13 TeV
arXiv:1603.09222
W+/W- ratio: uncertainty: 0.8%

W/Z ratio: uncertainty: 2%

Multi-Boson Production
and examples of anomalous
triple gauge coupling limits
 Top Quark Physics

The heaviest known elementary particle: ~173 GeV

Coupling to the Higgs ~1 Special role in EWK symmetry
breaking?
Special sector to searches for new physics
 LHC as a Top Factory
Cross section ~ 250 pb (8 TeV)
-> ~5.106 produced tt-pairs (2012) Top cross sections
a few 105 used in the analyses

Spring 2014
Using Tevatron and
Good agreement with the SM prediction
LHC combination of the
up to the new 13 TeV
mass measurements
Precision at 13 TeV already up to ~5%
Top Mass Determination
Steady improvements over the
last years in run-1

Precision now is ~0.3%, similar

to the theoretical uncertainty

Hadronization model uncertainties

one of the main limitations

Many alternative methods have

been and are being explored
using J/psi, secondary vertices,
This is not the last word yet

Experiment combination under wa

Note: the average value LHC

somewhat lower than Tevatron
one: 174.34 0.64 GeV
 Single Top Production

All single top processes have been studied in run one by CMS and ATLA
ncluding differential cross sections and angular measurements

First t-channel measurements at 13 TeV by both experiments

 Summary: Cross Sections at 7/813 TeV

Measurements in good agreement with the Standard Model predictions

 Measurements of Bs(d)
Three Bs particles in a billion will decay into two
muons. This decay has been chased since 30 year

arXiv:1411.4413
Published in Nature

New: ATLAS measurements arXiv:1604.04263

 Higgs!
We discovered a Higgs particle!

December 2013
 Higgs Production & Decay

Processes
Gluon fusion
Vector Boson Fusion
W/Z associated prod.
Top associated prod
B-quark associated prod?

Numbers taken from the

LHC Higgs Cross Section WG

See yellow reports:

YR1: Inclusive cross sections
YR2: Differential cross sections
YR3: Properties
YR4: Deciphering the nature of the
Higgs sector
2012: A Milestone in Particle Physics
Observation of a Higgs Particle at the LHC, after
about 40 years of experimental searches to find it 2013

2015: Higgs Boson

well established.

All accessible
channels studied
 Most cited LHC paper so far...
Special Physics Letters B
edition with the ATLAS and
CMS papers on the Higgs Also
Discovery
Elsevier

PHYSICSLETTERSB

More than 6000 times

cited
 Results Summary @ 125 GeV
Individual Run-I Legacy papers
ATLAS CMS Mass Signal
Channel Lumi Lumi Specialty Obs. strength JP=0+
[GeV]
[fb1] [fb1] (exp.)
126.
mass, 5.2(4.6) 1.170.27
H 4.8+20.7 5.1+19.6 discovery,
124.7
couplings 5.7(5.3) 1.14+0.260.23

124.7
mass, 8.1(6.0) 1.440.4
HZZ4l 4.6+20.7 5.1+19.7 discovery,
125.6
couplings 6.8(6.7) 0.93+0.290.25
Compatible
6.1(5.8) 1.09+0230.21
cross with125GeV
HWW2l2 4.6+20.7 4.9+19.4 section, 125.5+3.6
couplings 4.3(5.8) 3.8 0.72+0.200.18
(=1)
1.4(2.6)
0.52+0.400.27
couplings
Hbb 4.5+20.3 5.1+18.9
tofermions Compatible
2.1(2.1) 1.00.5
with125GeV
Compatible
couplings 4.5(3.4) 1.43+0.430.37
H 20.3 4.9+19.4 with125GeV
tofermions 3.2(3.7) 1227GeV 0.780.27
Overall consistency with SM H boson
 Spin/Parity Studies
Combined study of HZZ and HWW

Tested using all diboson channels

Hypotheses comparison O+/other states

CMS-PAS-HIG-14-014

O+ hypothesis is
always favoured
in the compariso

All exotic scenarios excluded scenarios excluded with 99.9% CL

Also CP studies of J=0 state Results consistent with SM
Higgs Combined analysis
 Mass of the Higgs
The first combined result
from
CMS and ATLAS
Combine the H->ZZ and H-
>
channels (most precise
channels)
Mass precision ~ 0.2%

arXiv:1503.07589
 CMS+ATLAS Mass Paper
First common paper CMS+ATLAS!!
Coupling Measurements

Overall combinations from

ATLAS and from CMS
CMS arXiv:1412.8662
ATLAS arXiv:1507.04548

Combination of ATLAS & CMS

arXiv:1606.02266
 Higgs: ATLAS+CMS Combination
The Run-1 Higgs Legacy!
Vector Boson Fusion production
mechanism and H-> tau tau decay
established with 5 significance in
combination arXiv:1606.02266

Signal strength/SM:
 13 TeV Higgs Results: Higgs ->

2016 data
Observed 5.6
Expected 6.2
= 0.91

CMS-HIG-16-020

Fid. cross sec.

 13 TeV Higgs Results: Higgs ->

2016 data
= 0.95

ATLAS-CONF-2016-067

Standard Model
does fine!

Fid. cross sec.

 13 TeV Higgs Results: H-> ZZ

2016 data
Observed 6.2
Expected 6.5
= 0.99

CMS-HIG-16-033

Fid. cross sec. 62

13 TeV Higgs Results: Higgs ->ZZ

ATLAS-CONF-06-079

Fid. cross sec.

 Brief Higgs Summary from Run-1
We know already a lot on this Brand New Higgs Particle!

Mass = Width Couplings are Spin =

CMS+ATLAS < 24 MeV within ~20% of 0+(+) preferred
125.09 0.21(stat) (95%CL) the SM values over 0-,1,2
0.11(syst)
GeV behaviour for most properties, but continue to look for anomalies
SM-like
.e. unexpected decay modes or couplings, multi-Higgs production
 Summary
Run-I delivered many measurements of Standard Model
processes, eg on the top quark, EWK and in QCD. Some
features of multi-particle production are not understood.
Electroweak measurements show agreement with the
data in general.
The LHC is a top-factory. Very detailed study of the top
quarks ongoing. No surprises yet!
A prime target of the LHC was the discovery of a or
the Higgs particle. Particle found/Mission accomplished!

The new particle has properties compatible with a Higgs,
but surprises are still possible. This will be one of the
main topics for the coming run.
But where is everybody else? Final Lecture
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