The Lower Leg & Foot

Game Kimmy Pooh Stang

LOWER LEG AND FOOT ANATOMY
 MOVEMEN
T
Movement of lower legs

come from KNEE MUSCLE

Popliteus Muscle
-allow knee unlocking during flexion of the leg.
-stabilise the knee joint
-located around the back side of the knee
 FLEXION EXTENSION
bending motion at a joint that straightening of a bent joint,
decreases the angle between increasing the distance
the two bones between the bones
 Other than the
MUSCLES THAT ARE popliteus, all other

CONNECTED TO THE muscles below the knee

are connected to the

FOOT foot.

They can be divided into 3 groups:

1. Muscles that flex or extend the foot
2. Muscles that flex and extend the toes
3. Muscles that support the structure of
the foot
MUSCLE OF POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
OF LEG
1) FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS

2) FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS

3) TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
 1) FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
Origin: Posterior surface of tibia distal to
popliteal line

Insertion: Splits into four slips after passing

through medial intermuscular septum of
plantar surface of foot; these slips then
insert on plantar surface of bases of distal
phalanges

Action: Flexes toes 2 - 5; also helps in

plantar flexion of ankle

Arterial Supply: Muscular branch of

posterior tibial artery
 2) FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
Origin: Inferior 2/3 of posterior
surface of fibula, lower part of
interosseous membrane

Insertion: Plantar surface of base of

distal phalanx of great toe

Action: Flexes great toe, helps to

supinate ankle, and is a very weak
plantar flexor of ankle

Arterial Supply: Muscular branch of

peroneal and posterior tibial artery
3) TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
Origin: Posterior aspect of interosseous
membrane,superior aspect of posterior
surface of tibia

Insertion: Splits into two slips after passing

inferior to plantar calcaneonavicular
ligament; superficial slip inserts on the
tuberosity of the navicular bone and
sometimes medial cuneiform; slip divides
again into slips inserting on plantar surfaces
of metatarsals

Action: Principal invertor of foot; also

adducts foot, plantar flexes ankle, and helps
to supinate the foot
 MUSCLE ON THE DORSUM OF THE FOOT

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
BREVIS
ORIGIN : Superior surface of anterior
calcaneus

INSERTION : Four tendon into proximal

phalanx of big toe and long extensor
tendons to toes 2, 3 and 4

ACTION : Extends toes when foot fully

dorsiflexed
Muscle of Anterior
Compartment of
- Tibialis
Legs Anterior

- Extensor
Tibialis
Anterior
Origin : Lateral condyle &
superior of anterolateral
surface of tibia;
interosseous margin

Insertion : Medial &

plantar surfaces of medial
cuneiform; base of 1 st
metatarsal along the
medial & plantar surfaces.
Extensor
Digitorum Longus
Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia,
upper 2/3 - 3/4 of medial fibular
shaft surface, upper part of
interosseous membrane, fascia
cruris, and anterior intermuscular
septum

Insertion: Splits into 4 tendon

slips after inferior extensor
retinaculum, each of which insert
Extensor Hallucis
Longus Origin: Anterior surface of
the fibula and the adjacent
interosseous membrane

Insertion: Base and dorsal

center of distal phalanx of
great toe
Muscle of Lateral
Compartment
- Fibularis of
Legs
Longus

- Fibularis
Fibularis Longus
Origin: Head of fibula, upper 1/2 -
2/3 of lateral fibular shaft surface;
also anterior and posterior
intermuscular septa of leg

Insertion: Plantar posterolateral

aspect of medial cuneiform and
lateral side of 1st metatarsal base

Action: Everts foot and plantar

Fibularis Brevis
Origin : Lower 2/3 of the
lateral surface of the fibula.

Insertion : Base of the 5th

metatarsal.

Actions : Eversion
Muscle of sole of foot (First Layer)
Abductor hallucis

Flexor digitorum brevis

Abducctor digiti minimi

Abductor hallucis
Origin : Tuberosity of Calcaneus

Insertion : Medial aspect of base of 1st phalanx of hallux

Action : Abduct and Flex the big toe

Flexor digitorum brevis
Origin : Calcaneus

Insertion : Phalanges of toe 2-5

Action : Flexes lateral four toes

Abductor digiti minimi
Origin : Plantar aponeurosis

Insertion : 5th toe or phalanges

Action : Abduct and Flex the little toe

Muscle of sole of foot (Second Layer)
Flexor digitorum longus tendon

Lumbricals

Flexor hallucis longus

Flexor digitorum longus
Origin : Posterior surface of the body of the tibia

Insertion : Plantar surface; base of the distal phalanges of

the four lesser toes

Action : curl the second, third, fourth,

and fifth toes (flexion of phalanges dscII-V)

Lumbricals
Origin : Medial borders of long flexor tendons

Insertion : Proximal phalanges and extensor tendons of

the 4 lateral toes

Action : create extension at the inter-phalangeal (PIP and

DIP) joints and flexion at metatarsal phalangeal

(MTP) joints
Flexor hallucis longus
Origin : fibula, posterior aspect of middle 1/3

Insertion : Plantar surface; base of distal phalanx of hallux

Action : flexes all joints of the big toe, plantar flexion of the

ankle joint
Muscle on Dorsal interossei
ORIGIN: Bipennate from inner aspects of shafts of all
metatarsals

INSERTION Bases of proximal phalanges and dorsal

extensor expansions of medial side of 2nd toe and
lateral sides of 2nd , 3rd and 4th toes

Action: Abduct 2nd , 3rd and 4th toes from axis of 2nd
toe. Assist lumbricals in extending interphalangeal joints
while flexing metatarsal phalangeal joints
Plantar Interossei
ORIGIN: Inferomedial shafts of 3rd , 4th and 5th metatarsals
(single heads)

INSERTION: Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges with

slips to dorsal extensor expansions of 3rd, 4th and 5th toes

ACTION: Adduct 3rd 4th and 5th toes to axis of 2nd toe, Assist
lumbricals in extending interphalangeal joints while flexing
metatarsal phalangeal joints.
Adductor hallucis
ORIGIN: Medial process of posterior calcaneal tuberosity &
flexor retinaculum

INSERTION: Medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of

big toe via medial sesamoid

ACTION: Flexes and abducts big toe. Supports medial

longitudinal arch
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

ORIGIN: Base of 5th metatarsal and sheath of peroneus longus

INSERTION: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

ACTION: Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe

5 Exercises
to
Strengthen
Your Lower
Legs
 Plyometric Lunges

Lunge forward with your right foot and left arm until the shin of your
back leg is parallel to the floor and your knee almost touches the
ground. Push up off the ground in an explosive manner, and switch your
legs in midair so you land in a lunge with your left leg forward. Left and
right lunges count as one rep.
 Straight-Leg Calf
Raise
Hold a dumbbell in your right hand; stand
on a step. Cross your left foot behind your
right ankle. Balance on the ball of your
right foot. Lift your right heel and pause;
then lower. Do three sets of 15 reps on
each side.
Bent-Knee Calf Raise

Follow the straight-leg calf

raise instructions, but bend
the knee of your balancing
leg and keep it bent as you
raise and lower your body.
Do three sets of 15 reps on
each side.
 Eccentric Calf
Raises
Stand on a step with your heels hanging off the edge. Push yourself up
on your toes. Then very slowly (to a count of 10) drop your heels below
the level of the step. Do three sets of 15 reps.
Farmer's Walk On Toes
Hold heavy dumbbells at your
sides. Rise up on your toes
and walk forward for 60
seconds. If you feel that you
could've gone longer than 60
seconds, increase the weight.
Do three sets.
 I N J U R I E S
1.Compartment Syndrome

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a

condition that can occur from repetitive loading or
exertional activities

usually observed in athletes; long-distance runners,

basketball players, skiers, and soccer players.

pain medications, stretching or strengthening regimens,

orthotics, massage, a break from exercise, or sugery
2. Periostitis
a condition caused by inflammation of the periosteum, a
layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone.

antibiotics can be used to treat the underlying infection of

acute periostitis. If the infection becomes suppurative,
doctor may need to treat it surgically.
3. Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome

(PAES) occurs due to an abnormal positioning of the popliteal

artery in relation to its surrounding structures.

Surgery can be done to correct the problem with the muscle or

tendons and release the popliteal artery. This eliminates the
compression of the artery and allows normal blood flow to the
leg.
These are only some examples of injuries. There are much
more injuries that can be occur at lower leg and foot such
as:

Mitochondrial Myopathy

Muscle Cramps (Night Cramps)

Achilles Tendinopathy

Calf Muscle Tear

Stress Fracture