ELEMENTS IN

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
ELEMENTS IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Landscape Design
principles of landscape design
Elements of landscape Design
Hard landscape
Soft landscape
Plant material
Use and Applications in landscaping
Water and landform
Landscape Design
Landscape
Design is the
design of outdoor
public areas,
landmarks, and
structures to
achieve
environmental,
social-behavioral, or
aesthetic
outcomes.
principles of landscape design

unity
scale
balance
simplicity
variety
emphasis
texture
color
Elements of landscape Design

The elements of composition are the

visual qualities that people see and
respond to when viewing a space.
Visual qualities can illicit many different
emotions and feelings, and the more
positive those feelings, the more likely
people are to enjoy and use a space.
 Hard landscape

The termhard
landscapeis used
by practitioners of
landscape architectur
e
and
garden design
to describe the

construction
materials which are
used to improve a
landscape by design.
 Hard landscape
A wide range of hard
landscape materials
can be used, such as
brick
gravel
rock or stone
concrete
timber
bitumen
glass, metals, etc.
 Hard landscape
Common gravel
types include pea
gravel and
crushed granite
gravel.
Hard landscape
can also describe
outdoor furniture
and other
landscape
products.
 Hard landscape
Hard landscaping
involves solid
construction
materials used to
redesign an
outdoor area.
It includes
driveways and
patios, walls,
decks, and fences.
Design of pathways
Use of stones as paving material
 Soft landscape
soft landscape ma
terials
is used to
describe
vegetative
materials such as
plants
grasses
shrubs
trees etc.
Soft landscape

Soft landscaping involves the

planting of vegetation, including
trees, flower beds, gardens, and
shrubs and topiaries.
Plant material
the trees
shrubs
climbers
bulbs
foliage plants
grass
groundcover
 Tree planting
The selection of
trees should be
based on
season,
size,
form,
situational
preferences of
surroundings and
artifacts.
 Design considerations
species type
size
height
canopy spread
trunk
circumference
location
General design considerations
 General design considerations

Flower Color
Season of
blooming
Range of Tree
sizes
Growth Habit of
Trees
 Flower Color

White : Alstonia
scholaris, Baiiasea
minor
Yellow : Cassia fistula,
Bauhinia tomentosa,
Red : Bombax ceiba,
Amberstia nobilis,
Purple : Lagerstroemia
speciosa, Bauhinia
purpurea,
 Season of blooming

Ever blooming : Callisetermon

lanceolatus,
Mimusops elengi.
Winter blooming : Bauhinia purpurea,
Butea monrosperama.
Spring blooming : Tabebuia, Amheristia
niobilis
Summer Blooming : Erithrina indica, Cassia
Rainy season : Plumeria alba,
Anthocephelus cadamba,
 Growth Habit of Trees
Oval :
These plants are suitable for frame or screen. Ex:
Populus alba
Vase shaped :
They can be used above the large shrubs or small trees.
Ex: Melia azadirach,
Pyramidal : It can be used as an accent plant.
Ex: Pinus roxburghii,
Round : These plants can be used in the lawn as
specimen.
Ex : Plumeria alba,
Growth Habit of Trees
Growth Habit of Trees
Columnar : They frame the views and
structure in the landscape setting.
Juniperus chinensis,
Weeping : It can be used as a focal point.
Salix Babylonica, S. alba.
Round to spreading : These plants mass
well to create grove effect. Dalbergia sisso,
Fan shaped : They can be used as a focal
point. Cycus revoluta,
Shrub beds
Shrub beds form
an integral part in
the development
of public
landscapes and in
the renewal and
revitalization of
public open
areas.
Functions of shrub beds

spatial definition,
visual interest,
treatment of
slopes,
cohesion in the
space
setting for
buildings.
Purposes of planting shrubs
Purposes of planting shrubs
To enhance the beauty of surroundings
To provide fragrance in the garden
To act as boundary of property line
To secure privacy for the family
To divide different areas or features in
the garden
Softening harsh building lines
 Uses of landscaping
Improve air quality
Provide shade and shelter
Reduce noise levels
Contribute to habitat creation
The roots of trees assist in the stabilization
of soil
Leaves and branches in the tree canopy
prevent soil moisture loss and soil erosion.
 Applications
Provide ample landscaping, using low
maintenance, for low water - use native
plantings that evoke the surrounding
landscapes.
Maintain the visual character of the open
grasslands and agricultural landscape in
the rural County areas.
Provide rest areas, landmarks, and
consistent signage at key locations to help
unify the Parkway.
 Applications
Ecological
services
Quality of Life
Economic value
 Ecological services

Carbon sink 1 hectare of woodland can

absorb emissions equivalent to 100
family cars.
Pollution control Street trees can
remove sulphur dioxide and reduce
particulates by up to 75%. Noise
attenuation can be as much as 30 dB per
100 metres.
 Ecological services
Air conditioning In urban areas the heat island
effect can increase temperatures relative to
open countryside by up to 5C.
A single large tree can be equivalent to five
room air conditioners and will supply enough
oxygen for ten people.
Microclimate control Vegetation can provide
shade in summer. It can reduce wind effects
created by streets and wind loads on buildings,
potentially reducing heating requirements by
up to 25%.
 Quality of Life

Health and wellbeing - Accessible green

space creates opportunities for
recreation and exercise, increases
childrens creative play, social skills and
concentration span.
Natural green spaces reduce stress and
encourage relaxation, providing a sense
of freedom and exhilaration.
 Quality of Life
Social cohesion - Natural green spaces
can encourage greater social interaction.
More active use of green spaces,
including streets and communal spaces,
can contribute to a more lively public
realm - a key urban design objective
 Economic value

Street trees and views of natural landscapes

and waterways can increase property values
by between 6% and 18%;
Shoppers may also be willing to pay up to
10% more to shop in tree-lined streets;
Ecologically self-sustaining landscapes can
significantly reduce management costs;
Green environment can help to promote
physical activity having an impact on health
costs.
 Water bodies
Water has been
used by landscape
architects as a key
aesthetic factor.
Water bodies can
be in the form of
sea, lake, river,
pond or mountains.
Water bodies
Water bodies

The cooled air can be introduced in

the building. Evaporation of water
also raises the humidity level.
This is particularly useful in hot and
dry climates.
 Water bodies
Large water
bodies tend to
reduce the
difference
between day and
night
temperatures
because they act
as heat sinks.
 Water bodies
Since water has a
relatively high
latent heat of
vaporization it
absorbs a large
amount of heat
from the
surrounding air
for evaporation.
 Landform
Landform Landform represents the topography
of a site. It may be flat, undulating or sloping.
Major landforms affecting a site are mountains,
valleys and plains.
The shape (morphology) and character of the
land surface that results from the interaction of
physical processes.
For example, the action of water (fluvial action),
action of wind, glacial action and weathering,
and the movements within the earth's crust.
Landform
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