A precision machine tool

that over a years has been

developed to make it.
 A Thesis Presented to
the faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department of
Laguna University

Mini Lathe Machine

Lary D. Guevarra Jr.

 Introduction

Lathe

The word lath originated from old Danish word lad

One of the oldest tools when it comes to machine tools -1569

This machine was create for wood material

A machine that create in engineering works

 Lathe machine main parts

Headstock

Tailstock-

Carriage-

Bed - foundation for the whole machine and holds the headstock,
tailstock and carriage in alignment.
 General measurement for lathe machine

(a) Swing
(b) Distance between center
(c) Length of bed
(d) Radius (one- half of swing )
Lathe machine
 Statement of the Problem

What is the maximum capacity that a mini lathe machine can handle and its performance?
 Specific Problems

1. What are the most common services provided in a machine shop in Los Baos, Laguna?

2. What are the most common services provided, involving a lathe machine, in machine shops

in Los Baos, Laguna?

3. What kind of final products can a mini lathe machine produce?

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a mini lathe machine over a standard

lathe machine?

5. How much is the profit of the respondents per day if they invest in a mini lathe machine

compared to renting a standard lathe machine or getting serviced in a bigger machine

shop?
Significance of the Study

Information that can use for the future reference

Enable us to learn how to use it

To learn to operate the basic components

Statement of the Objectives

General Objective

To know the maximum capacity that a mini lathe machine

can handle and learn how it functions and perform.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The main machine that use in workshop

Advantage: Another vital consideration is that too large is almost as

bad as too small, particularly if your intended projects require a
lot of very small-diameter work
Local Related Literatures

According to the book Metals Industry Research and Development

Center by the Department of Science and Technology (2014)

Region IV-A

Seventy (70) percent of the shops were established as single proprietorship

(Php 100,000 to 1 million) based on sized of capital

Fifty (50) percent of the respondent shops utilized conventional machining equipment
and only 23% use upgraded equipment including Computer Numerical Machine (CNC).

WOOD CARVING

Philippines is a tradition
dating back to pre-colonial
times.

The main tool used in

woodcarving is the paet
 Metal Works

Metal works have intricate and intriguing

design among Asian metal crafts.
Foreign Related Literatures

Woodturning

A Pieces of wood that

turn into a art
Boring

process of enlarging a hole that has already beendrilled or cast. engine cylinder

3 types of boring

Sizing
brings the hole to the proper size and finish

Straightness

Straighten the original drilled or cast hole

Concentricity

Outside and inside

Turning

external surfaces by this cutting action

Four different type

straight turning,
taper turning,
profiling
external grooving
A. RELATED STUDIES

a. Local Related Studies

Semi-automatic lathe for dressing bamboo stumps

Foreign Related Studies

three general types of lathe machines

Engine lathes
Turret lathes
Special purpose lathes
Milling Machine
Turret Mills
Synthesis
RESEARCH METHODS

Research Design
Population of the Study

Conducted study was for individuals involved in machine shop industry within the
province of Laguna

Table 1. Percentage of respondents (POR)

Municipality Barangay Respondents Percentage (%)

Los Banos Batong Malake 2 9.09

Sta. Cruz Bubukal 20 90.91

Total 22 100
Locale study

Los Baos is one of the most popular municipalities in Laguna and is

known as the Science City of the South

Laguna University in Bubukal, Sta. Cruz is chosen as the main respondents

for they are also the main beneficiary of the study
Sampling Design

There are two types of survey questionnaires used for the

study to capture the accurate information needed for the
study from the appropriate groups of respondents.

Data Collection Procedure

The first survey was conducted in Los Baos, Laguna with

the machine shop business owners.

The second is with the Mechanical Engineering students

in Laguna University at Bubukal, Sta. Cruz, Laguna
Survey Results
Table 2. Survey result from BS Mechanical Engineering students of Laguna
University
Questions No Maybe Yes Total
1. Do you know what
a mini lathe 10 4 6 20
machine is?
1. Do you want to
know about mini 0 5 15 20
lathe machine?
1. Do you prefer to
have a knowledge
1 6 13 20
regarding mini
lathe machine?
1. Do you want to
learn basic skill on
how to use a mini
2 2 16 20
lathe machine and
all of its
functions?
1. Do you think if you
have a knowledge
regarding mini
1 4 15 20
lathe machine it
will help you in
the future?
Table 3. Total number of student respondents per year level

Year Level No. of Students

2nd year 11

3rd year 7

4th year 2

Total 20

Table 4 summarizes the answers from the two (2) respondents from Los Baos,
Laguna which are machine shop owners. With the answers provided, it is obvious
that the business owners still go for practicality and quantity. They will still prefer the
standard lathe machine because of its capacity and capability.
 TECHNICAL STUDY

Description of the present system or set-up

A mini lathe machine is commonly used in small scaled

projects in the mechanical industry

4100 HiTorque 7x12 Mini Lathe and 5100 and 5200 HiTorque 7x16 Mini Lathes
Proposed System

Mini lathe machine can be used by common people who has

knowledge of operating the machine but not for business purposes

Machine shop owners does not want to invest in a mini lathe

machine
Technical Design

Parts of Mini lathe machine

Carriage
Tool Post
Bed
Headstock
Tailstock
Schematic Flow Diagram

Raw Finish
Design operation
Material Product

Schematic Flow Diagram of the Mini Lathe Machine. The

prime mover of the machine is the electricity which supplies the

machine for its operations. The raw material is being placed

manually in the machine and then the machinist analyses the

design to identify the operation to use to produce the desired

finish product.
Description

Mini lathe machine is a small version of a metal working lathe

which is designed for machining minimal hard materials to create
small parts and can be ported

Three major parts

Headstock
Body
tailstock
Procedure in Developing the Project

Planning of the Project

-consulting ideas and concept with the experts
Gathering Project Information and Data Gathering
-different options and canvassing the cost of the project
Testing of the machine
-making different operations according to its instructions
Finishing
-gathering information regarding the outcome of the
project that will be needed for the evaluation and analysis
Design Calculations
For Belt
D1 = diameter of the pulley
D2= diameter of the pulley
L = Length of the belt
Vb = Belt speed
C = center distance of the pulley
(Actual based on the availability for the design)
= arc of contact
For Shaft
F1 = larger tension load of the belt
F2 = smaller tension load of the belt
Ft = transmitted load of the shaft
Fay = bending load of the pulley
Fby = bending load of the bearing B
Fcy = beding load of the bearing C
N = Angular speed of the shaft
Hp= power rating of electric motor
D = shaft diameter
Ss = shearing stress of the shaft
Results of the computations need to design the mini lathe
machine Parameters Formula Value
Pulley

Speed of the shaft 3800 RPM

36.1646 cm or 3.6164
Length of the belt
m

1074.4246 cm/s or
Belt Speed
1.074 m/s

Arc of contact (pulley 1) 3.1415

Arc of contact (pulley 2) 3.1415

Shaft

Shaft torque 0.3769 N. m

Belt tension 2.5663

2.2871 N

Tension load

0.8912 N

Bending load 1.3959 N

Resulting moment 0.52809 N. m

Equivalent twisting moment 0.6487 N. m

Equivalent twisting moment 0.6487 N. m
Equivalent bending moment 0.588395 N. m

0.0013 m
Equivalent bending moment 0.588395 N. m
0.13 cm
Shaft Diameter
0.0032 m
0.32 cm
0.0013 m
0.13 cm
Power requirements

The power requirement of the project study is 0.2011 HP, 3800 RPM and 220V AC.
Power consumption (Electrical bill = Php 8.83 as of Feb 2017)

Implementation and Maintenance Plan

Inspect to ensure that no damage caused

good solid surface or workbench
Saddle, cross-slide and compound slide ensure smooth movement in both directions
All hex. Keys and spanners necessary to carry out
During installation-initial Start

Put the plug in the socket then release the Emergency Stop Switch and the power lamp lights
Switch on the machine by GENTLY turning the Variable Speed control knob, clockwise
Run for a total of five (5) minutes during which time gradually increase
spindle speed to its maximum. Run for at least two (2) minutes at
this speed before stopping the machine and disconnecting from the main supply
Check that all components are still secured and working freely and correctly
Check also to ensure that the mountings are secured.
Starting under normal conditions

Take all necessary precautions previously stated, and ensure

the work pieces can rotate fully without obstruction.
Proceed start the machine as described in the manual
If the machine is finished with or is to be left unattended,
turn the Variable speed control knob to the OFF position
then disconnect from the main supply
MAINTENANCE

For maximum performance, it is essential that the Mini lathe is properly

maintained.
- Always inspect machine before use. Any damage should be repaired and
maladjustments rectified.
- Damage to machined surfaces should be repaired with an oil stone. Test
by hand to ensure smooth operation of all parts before use.
- Inject a few drops of oil to the oil ways at both leadscrew bearing (each
end bracket once or twice during the day if used continuously).
- Inject a few drops also to the compound slide oil way, located on the slide
top surface, between the two hex socket head screws
 After Use
- Remove all swarf from the machine and thoroughly clean all surfaces.
If coolant has been used, ensure it has completely drained from the
tray.
Schedule of Action/Gantt Chart

2016 2017
ACTIVITIES DEC JAN FEB MAR
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1. Data Gathering
2. Analyzing the design
3. Canvassing
4. Testing, revision and sample
output making
5. Documentation
Revision
During the testing and measuring, the researcher computed for the diameter of
the shaft using the Maximum Normal Stress Theory (MNST) and the answer was
0.32 cm
Testing and Evaluation

The researcher conducted several tests using three (3)

different materials, wood, S45c mild steel, and cold-formed steel (CFS).
Wood Testing

Wood Material Test Result

Lathe
Speed
Material Before After machine Time
(RPM)
operation

Diameter
Diameter 2.8
4.2 Straight 45 mins to
Wood 9.2 cm 1500-3500
9.2 cm turning finish
length
length
S45c Mild Steel

S45c "Mild Steel" Result

Befor Lathe machine Speed
Material After Time
e operation (RPM)
S45c mild 0.075c Straight turning 1500- 1hr to
1.4cm
steel m and chamfering 2500 finish

The S45c is a medium strength type of steel that is

suitable for shaft studs and keys.
Cold-formed Steel (CFS) Material
Cold-formed Steel (CFS) Material Test Result

Lathe machine Speed

Material Before After Time
operation (RPM)

Cold-formed Diameter Diameter Straight turning and 1-1.5hrs to

1500-2500
steel(CFS) 1.25cm 1cm chamfering finish
Material Removal Rate Results

Material Time Material Removal Rate (%) Rpm

Wood 45 mins 100 1500- 3500

Mild steel 1hr 98 1500- 2500

Cold-former 1.5hr 85 15000-2500

steel

The tests with different materials and operations in the mini lathe
machine, it can be seen that it performs better with softer material such
as wood and mild steel
ECONOMIC STUDY

Determining the Rate of Return, Payback/Payout Period and Cost

Benefit Analysis of the proposed system.

Project Cost
The total amount of cost for the project is Php 28,800.00
Breakdown of Expenses
Item Amount
Mini Lathe Machine P 28,700.00
Straight (lathe blade) P 100.00
TOTAL P 28,800.00

Proposed Alternative

The proposed alternative of the researcher is to reproduce 5 units of the machine for sale.

Study Period

The project started with data gathering and canvassing of the machine. The whole

duration for this study took almost 4 months, from the 1st week of December 2016 up until last

week of March 2017, to complete including the testing and documentation.

Minimum Alternative Rate of Return(MARR)
The Minimum Alternative Rate of Return (MARR) or Hurdle Rate is the minimum
rate of return on a project a company is willing to accept before starting a project,
given its risk and the opportunity cost of forgoing other projects

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

Internal Rate of Return is the interest rate at which the net present value of all
the cash flows (both positive and negative) from a project or investment equal
zero.

Payback/Payout Period

The payback period has been computed by dividing the total investment cost

by the net annual profit. The payback period is 8 years and 4 months.
Benefit-Cost Analysis
To determine the benefit and cost analysis of the proposed system, the researcher
first assumed all the costs and benefits associated with the project. Then the
researcher assigned a monetary value of the costs

The Rate of Return, Payback Period and Benefit/Cost Ratio for the Fabrication of the
Proposed System
Parameters Amount
Investment PHP 103,105.00
Direct Material Cost PHP 16,121.00
Indirect Material Cost PHP 4,500.00
Miscellaneous
Annual Cost PHP 103,105.00
Annual Revenue/Benefits PHP 115,477.60
Net Annual Profit PHP 12,372.00
Payback period 8 years and 4 months
Benefit-cost analysis 1.12%
Rate of Return 12.00%
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Manpower Requirements of the Proposed Project

Management

The Mini Lathe Machine is designed to be handy and easier to use than the
standard sized machine so it can be operated and managed by just one person

Direct labor

The direct labor is the operator of the machine who is knowledgeable of almost
everything in operating the machine and can do the job well in this project study
Duties and Responsibilities
1. Pre-cut the metal needed for the machine
2. Runs the machine to perform required service
3. Monitors the machine while it is operating
4. Maintains the cleanliness of the machine
5. Ensures that the machine is in good condition and knows how to perform
troubleshooting if basic problem occurs
6. Maintain and sharpen all tooling as required
7. Can act as in-process inspector where required
8. Read and interpret mechanical drawings
9. Read, interpret and execute work instructions
Job Qualifications
1. The operator should be knowledgeable in operating a mini lathe machine and
can perform general lathe machine operations
2. The operator should at least be experienced in lathe machine operations
3. The operator should be willing to be trained and open to new learnings
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS

According to the survey results, 80% of the student respondents does not have any

knowledge of the mini lathe machine but are willing to learn and know more about it

100% of the respondents from Los Banos, Laguna who are machine shop owners,

are firm in their decision and belief that a standard lathe machine is better and more

practical than a mini lathe machine when it comes to business

The maximum capacity of the machine when it comes to materials is stainless.

 The maximum speed of the mini lathe machine is 3800 rotations per minute (rpm)

The wood material only requires a speed of 1500 rpm to 3500 rpm to produce

1.4cm diameter deep cut in 45 minutes

An S45C Mild Steel material needs 1 hour to have 0.65cm deep cut in a speed

of 1500rpm to 2500rpm

A Cold-formed steel (cfs) with 1.25cm diameter will be able to achieve a

1cm diameter deep cut in 1hour to 1 and half hour time with a speed of

1500 rpm to 2500rpm

Conclusions

The project design outcome has formulated the following conclusions:

1. The mini lathe machine is only suitable for small-sized materials

2. The machine can produce more detailed products if the cut is by millimeter

and not centimeter

3. The wood material is the best material to use in the mini lathe machine
Recommendations

Further improvements of the study can still be made and conducted. The project

design for the Mini Lathe Machine has room for improvement and some of it are the

recommendations below.

1. The horse power of the machine can be increased for better performance

2. The materials that can be used in creating the machine can be cheaper

3. An automatic leadscrew can be added to create an equal motion in the x-axis