Capacity in Gbit/s

10000
1000
100 WDM

10
SDH
1
0,1
PDH
0,01
0,001 within 10 Years x1000
year

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Fig. 1 Development of transmission capacity (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 5)

 Internet Bandwidth Growth by Region,
1999 - 2000

450% 414%

400%

350%

300% 258%

250%

200% 167%
150%
100% 99%
100%

50%

0%

pe
ro ific n
Eu a c ea a
a/P ib b r ic a
As
i r Af ad
./ Ca Ca
n
. A S. /
L U.
Fig. 2 Growth of internet traffic (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 5)
 f4
f3
f2
f1

4
3
2
1
#4
#3
#2
#1

#4
#3
#2
#1
#4
#3
#2
#1

Mux
Mux
Mux

FDM
TDM

WDM
#1

f1

1
#2

f2

2
#3

f3

3
#4

f4

Fig. 3 Comparison between TDM, FDM and WDM techniques (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 7)
 Electromagnetic spectrum
Visible light
Cosmic radiation X ray radiation UV radiation IR radiation Communications radiation

Microwave, radar TV VHF SW

Frequency (Hz) 1020 1018 1016 1014 1012 1010 108 106

(1 THz) (1 GHz) (1 MHz)

(1 pm) (1 nm) (1 mm) (1 m) (100 m)

Wavelenghth (m) 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 100 102

C0 = 300 000 km/s = wavelenght

Fig. 4 Electromagnetic spectrum (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 11)

C =xf f = frequency

Visible Fiber transmission

light wavelength range

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 m

850 1300 15501625 nm

Attenuation coefficient of silica fibers

10
C-Band L-Band
1st window 2nd window 3rd window 4th window
Attenuation coefficient/dB

Multimode fiber

1 Single mode fiber

IR absorption
Rayleigh
scattering 1/4

0.1

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Wavelength/nm

 0.8 nm Blue Band Red Band
100 GHz

1510.0 1528.77 1560.61 nm

198.6 196.10 192.1 THz

1480.0 nm
202.6 THz

Fig. 5 Wavelength plan for 100Ghz grid (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 13)

 0.4 nm
50 GHz

1510.0 nm 1528.77 1560.61 nm

198.6 THz 196.1 192.1 THz
1480.0 nm
202.6 THz

Fig. 6 Wavelength plan for 50GHz grid (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 13)

SDH NE Regenerators SDH NE

Fig. 7 Situation without WDM (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 17)

SDH NE SDH NE

Optical Terminal Optical Terminal

MUX Optical MUX
Amplifier

Fig. 8 Situation with WDM (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 17)

SDH NE SDH NE

DWDM DWDM
Mux Mux

Fig. 9 Example of a short route length application (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 19)

SDH NE SDH NE

DWDM DWDM
Mux Mux

Fig. 10 Example of a medium route length application (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 19)

SDH NE

DWDM
Mux Optical
Amplifiers

SDH NE

DWDM
Mux

Fig. 11 Example for long transmission route length (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 21)
IP IP

SDH Transponder DWDM DWDM Transponder SDH

Mux Mux

ATM ATM

PDH PDH

SDH Mux SDH Mux

Fig. 12 Transponder application (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 23)

SDH NE

DWDM
Mux Optical
Amplifiers

SDH NE

DWDM
Mux
Regenerator

O E E O

Transponder
OADM

Transponder

optical
crossconnect
Fig. 13 Optical NE types (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 27)
 Optical Fibers

G.652 G.653 G.655

Optical Amplifiers

G.661 G.662 G.663

Passive Optical Components

G.671

Micellanous

G.681 G.692 G.957

Fig. 14 Some ITU standards (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 31)