Overview of an

Engineering Drawing
 TOPICS
Graphics language

Engineering drawing
Traditional Drawing Tools

Orthographic projection
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that

The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in engineering application use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as drawing or drafting .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments

or computer methods.
Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example
Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example
Engineering
Drawing
 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
 Traditional
Drawing Tools
DRAWING TOOLS
 DRAWING TOOLS

1. Drawing 2. Mini Drafter

Board
 DRAWING TOOLS

3. T-Square 4. Triangles
 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

5. Adhesive Tape 6. Pencils

 DRAWING TOOLS

7. Protector 8. Scale
 DRAWING TOOLS

9. Roller Scale 10. French curve

 DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sandpaper 12. Compass

 DRAWING TOOLS

13. Pencil Eraser 14. Erasing Shield

 DRAWING TOOLS

15. Circle Template 16. Drawing Clip

 DRAWING TOOLS

17. Sharpener 18. Clean paper

PROJECTION
METHOD
 PROJECTION THEORY

The projection theory is used to graphically represent

3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
 PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective Parallel

Oblique Orthographic

Axonometric Multiview
Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observers eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight
Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.

The image is produced by connecting the points where

the LOS pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection
Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because

1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted
Orthographic
Projection
 MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane

Object views from top

1

2
1 5 2 3 4

5
3

Projection plane
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Rotate

Two dimensions of an
object is shown. Tilt
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.

Multiview drawing

Three dimensions of an object is shown.

Axonometric drawing
Six Principle Views
The 6 views of
projection include:
FRONT
RIGHT SIDE
TOP
BOTTOM
LEFT SIDE
REAR
Rules of Orthographic
Drawing
Pick a Front View that is most
descriptive of object, normally the longes
t dimension is chosen as the width (or dep
th)

Most common combination of views is to

use are Front, Top, and Side View
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
NOTES

Orthographic projection technique can produce either

1. Multiview drawing
that each view show an object in two dimensions.
2. Axonometric drawing
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.

Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for

communication.
Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Advantage Easy to understand

Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion

Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

 Multiview Drawing
Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

Principle Views
Front, Right
Side and Top are
views that simpl
y represented by
rotating the obje
ct
Glass Box
Most powerful technique to understand
orthographic projections

Suspend the object with transparent strings

inside a glass box

Freeze the view from each direction (each of

the six sides of the box) and unfold the box
Glass Box
Glass Box
Glass Box
Glass Box
Glass Box
Glass Box
Front, Side and Top Views
Width

Top View Depth

Right
Front View Side Height
View
 Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.

 Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view

Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in

the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers

of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and

location of features on a drawing
Line Types and Styles
 Line Types and Styles
Visiblelines
Represents visible edges and boundaries
Continuous and thick (0.5 - 0.6 mm)
Hidden lines
Represents hidden edges and boundaries
Short-dashed lines and medium thick (0.35 0.45 mm)
Centerlines
Represents axes of symmetry
Long and short-dashed and thin (0.3 mm)
Phantom lines
Indicates imaginary features such as alternate position
of moving parts and adjacent positions of related parts
Long- and double short-dashed and usually thin (0.3
mm).
 Line Types and Styles
Dimension and Extension lines
Used to show the size of an object. Placed between two extension
lines and its terminated by arrowheads, which indicates the directi
ons and extent of the dimension
Continuous lines and thin (0.3 mm)
Cutting Plane Lines
Used to show where an imaginary cut has been made through the
object in order to view interior features
The line type is phantom and very thick (0.6 0.8 mm)
Arrows are placed at both ends of the cutting plane line to
indicate the direction of sight
Section lines
Used to show areas that have been cut by the cutting plane
Grouped in parallel line pattern and usually drawn at a 450 angle
Continuous line and thin (0.3 mm)
Break lines
Used to show imaginary breaks in objects, made up of series of
connecting arcs
 Line Types and Styles
Dimension
Visible
and
Line Extension
Line
Hidden Cutting
Line Plane Line

Center
Line Section
Line
Phantom
Line Break
Line
Line Types and Styles
Line Types and Styles
Line Types and Styles
Line Types and Styles
Line Types and Styles
 Line Types and Styles
Dimension lines

Phantom lines Path lines Center lines

Visible lines
Dimension lines Center lines

Section lines

Hidde
n lines

Break lines
Letters and Numbers
 Letters and Numbers
Standards of letters and numbers
Clear
Uniform
ISO 3098/1-1974
Scales
 Scales
A scale is defined as the ratio of the
linear dimension of the object as repr
esented in a drawing to the actual di
mensions of the same.

Scales are used to prepare drawing

at:
Full size
Reduced size
Enlarged size
 Scales
Recommended Scales

Intermediate scales can be used in exceptional

cases where recommended scales can not be
applied for functional reasons
Paper Size
 Paper Size

A2
A1 A
A4
0 A3 A6
A5 A8
A7
 Paper Size
International Standard ISO
American National Standard
A0 : 841 x 1189 mm - A : 8.5 x 11
A1 : 594 x 840 mm - B : 11 x 17
A2 : 420 x 594 mm - C : 17 x 22
A3 : 297 x 420 mm - D : 22 x 34
A4 : 210 x 297 mm - E : 34 x 44

Margin
A0 & A1 : 20 mm
A2, A3 & A4 : 10 mm
Drawing Presentation
Drawing Standards Sheet Format
Example C-Size
 Drawing Title

:T.Penerbangan

UNSURYA
Example

1. Visible
2. Hidden
3. Center
 Drawing the Views
To complete an orthographic
projection drawing follow
these steps.
Step 1:
Lightly construct the front view.
Step 2:
Space the top view 25-40 mm above
the front view. Lightly construct the
top view directly over the front view.
Extend the lower side of the top view
to intersect a vertical line drawn to
the right of the front view.
25-40 mm
 Drawing the Views
Step 3:
Project the features of the front
view to the right of the vertical
line. Draw a line at 45o from the
point of intersection as shown.

The use of a 45o mitre

line helps to project
features from the top
view to the side view.
Drawing the Views
Step 4:
Where the horizontal projection lines
of the top view intersect with the
mitre line, draw vertical projection
lines to the side view.
 Spacing Orthographic Views
To determine the starting point of your drawing use the following
criteria:

to find X: HSA HSN = ? 2

Measure the horizontal distance between borders Horizontal Shadow Angle (HSA)

Subtract the total length of the views to be drawn Horizontal Shadow Numerical
(HSN)

Divide the result by 2

to find Y: VSA VSN = ? 2

Measure the vertical distance between borders Vertical Shadow Angle (VSA)
Subtract the total height of the views to be drawn Vertical Shadow Numerical (VSN)
Divide the result by 2
 Spacing Orthographic Views
Distance between borders HSA 260

56
Length Space Width
40
120
38

120
38
31

(HSA) (HSN) = ? 2 =
120
260 - + 40
+ 38
198 = 62 2 = 31
 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) TV
FV ON ITS BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in 1 Angle method
st

& FV
TV
For the same
G L
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
 FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION
FOR T.V.
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT V.P. P.P.
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP. F.V. S.V.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
C T
OBSERVER & PLANE. J E
O B
VP PP

V. FO
.
FV LSV
X Y S R
R F.V
FO
TV
HP .
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
 THIRD ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT. P.P.
T V.P.
E C
B J
TV
O
X Y
LSV FV
S.V.
F.V.

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
Isometric Drawing
Rules of Projection Scale
Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing