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AGEND
A
1) Why Solar Energy Norman Jackson
2) Types of Solar Energy Tuesday 9 February,
CEO - 14:00 14:15
AGE Technologies www.age.co.za
3) How to make Solar Energy work for you on a mine Director GO Solar (Mauritius)
Location Roof
4) What is the Capital and Operational cost of a Solar Terrace Room
www.gosolar.mu
plant Chairman - South African PhotoVoltaic
5) Typical ROI calculations for a Solar Plant Industry Association (SAPVIA)
6) Summary Manufacturing
Yearly Solar
Energy Potential
Total
Finite
Reserves
1,655
TWy
ypes of Solar Energy
Solar Energy
Controller: Controls the pump to circulate the water between the Geyser and the collector.
Ensures the water temperature is above the threshold value, by switching on
the Electric element if and when required
w to make Solar Water Heating work for you on a mine Solar Water
Heating
Assumptions:
1) 80 litres of water per person per day
2) Water Feed Temperature of 18 Degrees
Celsius
3) Required Minimum Temp. is 40 Degrees
Celsius
4) Staff of 100 Employees
5) Usage 50% in Morning, 50% in Evening
Calculation:
1) Size of Geyser is daily Requirement + 50%. (80x100x150% = 12,000 liters)
2) If the Water needs to be 40 0C after the morning peak, then 400C = 33% Incoming of 18 0C
and 67% of Morning Start Temp.
3) Morning Start Temp = {40 0C (33% of 18 0C)} / 67% = 580C
4) If we assume we loose 5 0C overnight, then the Temp of the geyser must be 63 0C after the
evening peak usage.
5) If the water has to be 63 0C after evening peak, then 630C = 33% Incoming of 18 0C and
67% of Evening Start Temp.
6) Evening Start Temp = {63 0C (33% of 18 0C)} / 67% = 850C
7) Energy To heat from 40 0C to 850C means we have 12,000 l * 4.2 kilo Joules/l 0C * 45 0C = 2
268 000 kJoules
8) A Joules is the amount of energy (Watts) running for 1 second.
9) kWh = kJ / 3600 Sec = 630 kW hours
Solar Water
hat is the Capital and Operational cost of a Solar plant. Heating
CAPEX Cost
1) Energy Required for 100 Employees - 630kWh
2) DNI (JHB) = 3.97kWh/m2
3) Efficiency of Collectors = 57% (Typical)
4) Number of hours available to heat = 7 hours
5) M2 of Collectors required =
Energy Required / Solar Energy per hr / Efficiency /
Operating hours
630kWh/3.97kWh/m2 / 57% /7 = 40 m2
Ite
m Description Qty Price Total
$ $ 7
1 Collector (m2) 40
193.00 720.00
$ $ 27
2 Geysers (litres) 12000
2.26 120.00
$ $ 1
3 Insulated Piping 600
2.54 524.00 OPEX Cost
Accessories
4 (Controller, PV Panel, 1
$ 1 $ 1 1) Controller and Pump can need
060.00 060.00
Pump, Wiring etc) Maintenance
5 Labour to Install 20%
$ 37 $ 7 2) Estimate of 1% of CAPEX per
424.00 485.00
Annum.
Typical ROI calculations for a Solar Plant
Solar Geysers Unit Day Year
ROI - Solar Water kWh Requirement kWh 630.00 229 950
Heating Cloudy / Rainy Days
(JHB)
% 14.20% 14.20%
Utility power at Solar Production -
kWh 540.54
197
Average 297.1
YearUS$0.0561 2 3 4 5 10 20
Energy
229 229 229 229 229 229
consumption 229 950
950 950 950 950 950 950
[kWh]
Solar Energy
197297.1 197297.1 197297.1 197297.1 197297.1 197297.1 197297.1
production [kWh]
Energy taken
32 32 32 32 32 32
from the grid 32 653
653 653 653 653 653 653
[kWh]
RSA Price per $ $ $ $ $ $ $
kWh [USD] 0.056 0.061 0.065 0.072 0.079 0.127 0.330
Saving on energy $ 11 $ 11 $ 12 $ 14 $ 15 $ 25 $ 65
bill [USD] 053.15 937.40 892.39 181.63 599.80 123.63 164.23
Maintenance $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1
costs [USD] 449.04 475.98 504.54 534.81 566.90 758.64 358.62
$ 10 $ 11 $ 12 $ 13 $ 15 $ 24 $ 63
Net profit [USD]
604.11 461.42 387.85 646.82 032.89 364.99 805.61
$ 44
Initial Cost
909.00
$ -34 $ 11 $ 12 $ 13 $ 15 $ 24 $ 63
ypical ROI calculations for a Solar Plant.
Solar Geysers Unit Day Year
ROI - Solar Water kWh Requirement kWh 630.00 229 950
Heating Cloudy / Rainy Days
(JHB)
% 14.20% 14.20%
Generator Power at Solar Production -
kWh 540.54
197
Average 297.1
Year US$0.331 2 3 4 5 10 20
Energy
consumption 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950
[kWh]
Solar Energy
197 297.1 197 297.1 197 297.1 197 297.1 197 297.1 197 297.1 197 297.1
production [kWh]
Energy taken
from the grid 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653
[kWh]
Diesel Gen. Price $ $ $ $ $ $ $
per kWh [USD] 0.330 0.356 0.385 0.423 0.466 0.750 1.946
Saving on energy $ 65 $ 70 $ 75 $ 83 $ 91 $ 147 $ 383
bill [USD] 108.04 316.69 942.02 536.22 889.85 989.52 846.69
Maintenance $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1
costs [USD] 449.04 475.98 504.54 534.81 566.90 758.64 358.62
$ 64 $ 69 $ 75 $ 83 $ 91 $ 147 $ 382
Net profit [USD]
659.00 840.70 437.48 001.41 322.94 230.87 488.08
$ 44
Initial Cost
909.00
Typical ROI calculations for a Solar Plant
CAPEX
Cost Annual Output based upon a SM of 2.7
Hours a
DNI kW kWh
year
2 100 450 000
4 500
000 000 000
2 100 480 000
4 800
200 000 000
2 100 510 000
5 100
400 000 000
2 100 540 000
5 400
600 000 000
2 100 570 000
5 700
800 000 000
The CAPEX for 100MW Solar
Tower with 12 hours storage is
about US$ 855 Million
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 20
Energy
consumption
[GWh] 876 876 876 876 876 876 876 876 876
Solar Energy
production 510
[GWh] 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510
Energy taken from
the grid [GWh] 366 366 366 366 366 366 366 366 366
Diesel Gen. Price $
per kWh [USD] $ 0.330 $ 0.385 $ 0.423 $ 0.466 $ 0.512 $ 0.564 $ 0.998 $ 1.946
0.356
Saving on energy $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 992.21
bill [USD Million]
168.30 181.75 196.31 215.94 237.53 261.28 287.41 509.16
Maintenance $ 16.00 $ $ 17. $ 19.06 $ 20.20 $ 21.41 $ 22.70 $ 32.19 $ 48.41
costs [USD
Million] 16.96 98
Net profit [USD $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 943.80
Million]
152.30 164.79 $178.33 $196.88 217.33 239.87 264.71 476.97
Initial Cost [USD $
Million]
-885.00
Interest on $ $ -64. $ $ $ $ $ -2.20 $ $ 783.03
Money 8%
-70.80 30 -56.20 -46.47 -34.449 -19.81 193.55
Cash flow [USD
cal Sustainability calculations for a 100MW CSP Solar Plant.
Year 1 2 5 13 20
Solar Energy
production [GWh]
510 510 510 510 510
Saving on CO2
517
Emission (Metric 517 650 517 650 517 650 517 650
Ton) 650
Carbon Tax USD/MT $ 7.27 $ 7.85 $ 10.26 $ 22.00 $ 42.88
Saving on Carbon
Tax [USD Million]
$ 3.764 $ 4.066 $ 5.313 $11.389 $ 22.195
Cumulative cash
flow [USD Million]
$ 3.764 $ 7.831 $ 22.365 $ 89.204 $ 208.065
Solar kWh
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
-
1)What is PV Solar Energy
Photo Voltaic (PV)
GHI Global Horizontal
86% of PV market Irradiance
and
1)What is PV Solar Energy Photo Voltaic (PV)
Island Inverter
Diesel Generator
Hydro Plant
and and
Battery Storage
In Containers
) How to make Solar Energy work
for you on a mine ?
Diesel Generator
Hydro Plant
and OPTIO
N
Battery Storage
In Containers
ow to make Solar Energy work for you on a mine ? Photo Voltaic (PV)
Diesel Power
Diesel Generator
Biomass
Hydro Plant
and and
Battery Storage
In Containers
3) What is the Capital and Photo Voltaic (PV)
Operational cost of
a 100MW PV Solar plant.
Johannesburg
- Budget Fixed 1 Axis 2 Axis
Figures
kWp 100 300 100 300 100 300
Annual GWh 194.82 234.51 266.47
Cost /kWp $ 1 250 $ 1 400 $ 1 550
CAPEX [USD
$125.375 $140.42 $155.465
Million]
OPEX [USD
$ 0.627 $ 2.106 $ 3.109
Million]
Approx. Area
4) Typical ROI calculations for a 100MW Photo Voltaic (PV) Fixed
Plane
Fixed Utility power at US$0.14
PV Solar Plant.
Year 1 2Vs Utility
3 Power
4 5 6 10 15 20
Solar Energy
production 194.8 193.4 192.1 190.8 189.4 188.1 182.9 176.6 170.5
[GWh]
Utility Price $
per kWh [USD]
$ 0.140 $ 0.157 $ 0.167 $ 0.177 $ 0.187 $ 0.237 $ 0.317 $ 0.424
0.148
Saving on
$
energy bill $ 27.27 $ 30.22 $ 31.81 $ 33.48 $ 35.24 $ 43.26 $ 55.89 $ 72.21
[USD Million] 28.71
Maintenance
costs [USD $ 0.63 $ 0.66 $ 0.70 $ 0.75 $ 0.79 $ 0.83 $ 1.06 $1.42 $ 1.90
Million]
Net profit $
[USD Million]]
$ 26.65 $ 29.51 $ 31.06 $ 32.69 $ 34.40 $ 42.20 $ 54.47 $ 70.31
28.04
Initial Cost $
[USD Million] -125.38
Interest on
$ $
Money 8% $ -7.15 $ -5.36 $ -3.31 $ -0.96 $ 10.26 $ 31.88 $ 75.01
[USD Million] -10.03 -8.70
Cash flow $ $ $
at is the Capital and Operational cost of a PV Solar plant. Photo Voltaic (PV)
Battery Backup
Improves Power
quality and stabilises
supply
Example Costing:
100 MW for 5 Min = 8,333kWh
Average CAPEX is US$ 900 / kWh =
$75 Million
OPEX is 3% of CAPEX.
pical ROI calculations for a 100MW Fixed PV Solar
Photo Voltaic (PV) Fixed Plane
with Battery B/U vs Diesel
ant (With Battery Backup). Vs Diesel Generator Power
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 20
Solar Energy
production 194.8 193.4 192.1 190.8 189.4 188.1 182.9 176.6 170.5
[GWh]
Utility Price per $ $ $
kWh [USD] $ 0.330 $ 0.356 $ 0.466 $ 0.750 $ 1.208 $ 1.946
0.385 0.423 0.512
Saving on
$ $ $ $ $
energy bill [USD $ 64.29 $ 68.95 $ 88.22 $ 96.36
Million] 73.94 80.77 137.12 213.30 331.67
Maintenance
costs [USD $ 3.63 $ 3.84 $ 4.08 $ 4.32 $ 4.58 $ 4.85 $ 6.13 $8.20 $ 10.97
Million]
Net profit [USD $ $ $ $ $ $ $
Million]] $60.66 $ 83.64
65.10 69.87 76.45 91.51 131.05 205.10 320.69
Initial Cost [USD $-
Million] 215.375
Interest on
$ $ $ $ $
Money 8% [USD $-9.65 $ -4.83 $ 0.90 $ 42.58
Million] -17.23 -13.76 7.665 118.94 289.21
Cash flow [USD $ $ $ $ $
Million] $ 51.35 $ 84.54
-171.94 60.22 71.62 99.17 173.63 $324.04 $609.90
Cumulative cash
$ $- $ $ $ $ $1 $4
flow [USD $ 95.78
al Sustainability calculations for a 100 MW Fixed PV Solar Plant.
Year 1 5 10 15 20
Solar Energy
production [GWh]
194.82 189.42 182.88 176.57 170.48
Norman@age.co.za
www.age.co.za
Stand 1208