Network Management and

Administration

By Usman Cheema
Govt. Islamia College Civil Lines, Lahore.
 Network Management
Definition:-
Network management is a discipline that deals with operations,
management and monitoring voice and data on network.
Network Management contains five functional areas :-
1) Configuration management
2) Fault management
3) Performance management
4) Accounting management
5) Security management
 Network Management
Case history of Network Management:-
Network management is more than just managing a network .Network
management is also referred to as operations administration,
maintenance and provisioning. Each organization has his own network
engineer to deal with network. Even some organization has number of
specialists of networks to manage their larger networks. The main
purpose of managing network is to provide services to customer and
every organization did not want to compromise on customer services
because they are important assets of their earning. We discus here
some case histories of network management that gives us an idea of
how network specialist deals with network in different situation.
 Network Management
Case history of Network Management:-

Following are case histories of Network Management:-

1) Importance of topology
2) Centrally managed network issues
3) Transaction delay in client server network
4) Service impact in End-to-End service of customer
5) Some common network problems.
 Network Management
Case history of Network Management:-

1) Importance of topology :-
Each corporate network contains several minicomputers and
about 100 desktop workstation. Sometime network goes down without
any apparent reason all user in company start claiming about network
failure so here the problem arise. In this way we have to check whole
network topology being used and check whether the wire connected
properly. If you did not use a proper topology then it will be very
difficult for you to find reason of network failure it means that
topology is very important for network management operations.
 Network Management
Case history of Network Management:-

2) Centrally managed network issue:-

Centrally managed network are
the networks in which we centralize our resources on network. It is most
common e.g. Sharing a printer on network it centrally managed network
there is a DC (Domain controller) that provide login services to all clients
connected with it. For e.g. an organization has thousands of user login
through DC. If DC crash due to some reason then we single user can login
on computer here is a problem occurred how can user performs their
tasks on computers. This problem is solved by configuring an ADC
(Additional Domain Controller) in network when DC crashes then ADC
start services to user without any problem.
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Case history of Network Management:-

2) Centrally managed network issue:-

 Network Management
Case history of Network Management:-

3) Transaction delay in client server network :-

In current nation and global enterprise
organizations application server provide services to thousands of client. Most
common example is banking system where every day thousands of people make
transaction and sometime transaction delay due to load on application server and
this delay problem is solved by adding more servers in networks.
4) Service impact in End-to-End service customer:-
End-to-End services means identify the customer
problem before customer complaints .for e.g. in an optical fiber transport network
that carries thousands of channels, a failure of single component affects service of
hundreds of customer. An End-to-End services break down is to be traced to failure
of single or multiple network elements by finding root cause of failure.
 Network Management
Case history of Network Management:-

5) Some common network problems :-

The most common and serious problem in network are
connectivity failure and are handled under the fault management. Fault is generally
interpreted as failure in accessing network and system by users. Network failure
may occur due to physical problem like wire cut, not connected properly, NIC
adapter failure etc. network problem also occur due to load on network for
example sending heavy traffic on low bandwidth channel. Some logical problem may
also cause network failure like IP and MAC address of machines in the network
conflict IP's is also most common problem. All these kind of problem are the
responsibilities of network engineer. Some time when no problem is identified by
network engineer after a lot of attempts then he has only one option left that is
on/off machines.
 Network Management
GOALS OF NETWORK MANAGEMENT:-
Following are the goals of network management:
Network Provisioning: - Network provisioning is the first goal of network
management. Network provisioning mean planning and designing of networks,
before implementing network we first plan network and then start designing
network.
Network Operations :- After network provisioning that deals with network
planning and design we start different operation on network to find failure to
configure properly ,make it efficient and secure we performs network
operation like fault management, performance management, configuration
management and security management .
Network Maintenance :- In the network maintenance all equipment and
configuration setting are maintained and improve time-to-time because
networks are not fixed they are growing day by day so be careful to add new
network in existing networks through maintenance
 Network Management
NETWORK MANAGEMENT MODELS :-
The OSI network model is an ISO standard and is almost complete of all the model .It is well structured and
addresses all aspect of management. OSI network management model comprise of four models, each
model has its own specifications.

1) Organization model:
The organizational model describe the components of network system their functions and
their infrastructure. It defines term object, agent and manager network elements like hub,
switch, router, bridge etc. They can be classified into managed and unmanaged object, The
managed object have a management process running in them called an agent while in
unmanaged object have no management process is running. For e.g. if you buy managed hub you
don't need to configure it but if you buy unmanaged hub then you need to configure it before
use. No agent (management process) in running in unmanaged objects. The manager manages
the managed objects there is a data base in manager but not in agent. The manager queries and
receive information from agent about management data and store in its data base called MDB
(management database) in two tier model, there is only one manager and one agent and MDB
while in three tier model there is an intermediate layer acts as both agent and manager. This
layer query information as a manger and store it is MDB and as an agent forward this information
to upper managers.
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Organization model:
Two Tier Model
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Organization model:
Three Tier Model
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2) Information model:
Information model deals with the structure and management of information.
information model contain SMI (structure of management information) and
MIB (management information base).SMI describes how management
information is structured and MIB deals with storages of management
information, SMI deals with structure of information which is easy to
understand and MIB perform storing operation on this information, MIB used
by both manager and agent MIB associated with agent called "Agent MIB "and
MIB associated with manager called "manager MIB" The manager MIB contain
information of whole network while agent MIB contain only local information
of agent, manager has both MDB and MIB it is important to distinguish
between MDB and MIB. MDB is a real data base and contain the real measured
value while MIB is virtual database and contain the information necessary for
process to change information. For e.g. a hub is added in network
information about hub ports and other information of hub parameter are
stored in MIB while the actual value like '16'ports is stored in MDB.
 Network Management
3) Communication model:
we have learnt that information is exchanged between
agent and manager but we don't deals how this information will be
exchanged so communication model deals how information will be
exchanged between agent and manager, Three aspects need to be
addressed in the communication of information between two
entities like .
i) Transport medium of message exchange
ii) message format of communication
iii) Actual message
 Network Management
4) Functional model: functional model consist of five model
i) Fault management
ii) Configuration management
iii) Performance management
iv) Accounting management
v) Security management
Fault management model deals with detection and isolation of the
problem causing the failure in the network configuration
management address the setting and changing the configuration of
network object, performance management is connected with the
performance behavior of network. Security management deals with
securing network from external attacks, Accounting management
deals with costing the network equipments.
 Network Management
SNMP: - Simple Network Management Protocol:
The responsibility of network administrator is to collect accurate
information about whole network and server infrastructure. There are
large number of options and tool available for gathering information
about whole network and SNMP is one of them most widely used tool
SNMP is a protocol is implemented on the application layer of the
networking layers.
The protocol was created as a way of gathering information from
different networks in a constant manner there are different versions of
SNMP protocol the most widely used version is SNMPv1 but it is in secure
means that SNMPv1 is not secure. SNMPv3 is more advanced version
providing secure environment SNMP mainly contain devices like SNMP
agent and SNMP manager. SNMP agent is programs that can gather
information about network organize it in to predefine entries and
respond to SNMP protocol.
 Network Management
SNMP: - Simple Network Management Protocol:
The responsibility of network administrator is to collect accurate
information about whole network and server infrastructure. There are
large number of options and tool available for gathering information
about whole network and SNMP is one of them most widely used tool
SNMP is a protocol is implemented on the application layer of the
networking layers.
The protocol was created as a way of gathering information from
different networks in a constant manner there are different versions of
SNMP protocol the most widely used version is SNMPv1 but it is in secure
means that SNMPv1 is not secure. SNMPv3 is more advanced version
providing secure environment SNMP mainly contain devices like SNMP
agent and SNMP manager. SNMP agent is programs that can gather
information about network organize it in to predefine entries and
respond to SNMP protocol.
 Network Management
SNMP: - Simple Network Management Protocol:
SNMP manager query information from agent, all the information
stored in MIB (management information base) by SNMP agent, each
information stored in MIB contain a unique OID (object identifier)
through SNMP manager Query information.
 Network Management
SNMP protocol commands:
Following are some command used in SNMP protocol to manage
informations.
GET: Get command is sent by a manager to an agent to request the value
of specific information, this request answered that is sent back to the manager.
GET NEXT: Get next command allow manager to request the next
sequential information in MIB, this is a way in which you dont worry about
structure of MIB.
Set: Set command is used by a manager to an agent in order to change the
value of information in MIB; it is also called write options defined by protocol.
Get Bulk: Get bulk command is to use by manager to get multiple get next
request.
Response: Response command is use by an agent to send information to
manager.
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SNMP protocol commands:

Trap: Trap command is sent by an agent to manager to inform
manager about what event to happening on their networking
devices.
Inform: To confirm the receipt of trap, manager send inform
command to an agent.
 Network Management
SNMP Versions:-
SNMPv1: This is first version of SNMP which is not secure.
SNMPv2: This is revised protocol which include enhancement of SNMPv1
in areas of protocol packet types, MIB structure, it is also not secure.
SNMPv3: SNMPv3 is secure version of SNMP there is no functional
differences between different versions of SNMP, it provides
authentication, authorization, privacy security services.
SNMP Proxy Server: SNMP proxy server is implemented as a front end
module to the SNMPv2 manager for communication with SNMPv1 agent.
SNMPv2 manager can not directly communicate with SNMPv1 agent so
proxy server is as intermediate between SNMPv2 manager and SNMPv1
agent. SNMP proxy server perform same sort of conversions so that
communication become easier between different versions of SNMP
manager and agent.
 Network Management

SNMP Proxy Server:-

 Network Management
NETWORK MANAGEMENT TOOLS:
Different network management tools are available in
operating system for managing network and you can also add some
other tools can be categories into three major monitoring tools.
1) Status Monitoring tools:
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2) Traffic Monitoring Tools:
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3) Route Monitoring Tools:
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Public IP: Public IP provide access to internet, any computer having public IP can get
access to internet, it means that public IP can be accessed by anyone in the world public IP
provide communication over WAN (wide area network) IANA(Internet Assigned Number
Authority) provide following public IP.
Class A = 1-----------126
Class B = 128--------191
Class C = 192--------223
Class D = 224--------239
Class E = 240--------254
Private IP: Different organization use private IP addresses to make their private networks
private IP cant be accessed anyone outside the private network. Private IPS are used to
make LAN in different organization like school and different companies, for providing secure
environment to organizations IANA give private IP ranges which can be used by different
organization to make their network secure. Following are ranges of private IP address
provided by IANA.
10.0.0.0---------------------------------10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0------------------------------172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0----------------------------192.168.255.255
 Network Management

ACCESS LISTS (Acls): Access lists (Acls) are basically a set of commands group
together by a name or number that is used to filter traffic entering or leaving
interface.
I) Standard Access lists: Standard access list is simple; it filters packets on
the bases of source and destination address of packet. You can permit or deny
traffic on the bases of source and destination address.
II) Extended Access lists: An extended access list is more powerful than a
standard access list because extended access list filter packets on the source
address port number, protocols, destination address and other parameters.
Network Management
 Network Management
RMON (Remote Monitoring):
RMON is a process of remotely monitoring and
managing information between agent and manager,
the device which is used for remote monitoring is
called monitor or Probe; a monitor or Probe is
devices that perform monitoring operation on whole
network, there may be multiple Probes in a network
depend up on the size of a network. The main goal of
remote monitoring devices is proactively
monitoring it means that remote monitoring devices
always check whole network events like packet size,
error rate, failure, traffic over network so when there
is any possibility of occurring any kind of error remote
monitoring devices start diagnosing the problem and
solve it before any issue occurred, there are different
RMON version working at different layers of network.
 Network Management
RMON1: RMON1 standard is focused at layer2 (Data link layer) and
provide link layer statistics on a variety of ways, it also generate
alarms when threshold are crossed, it also has the ability to filter
packets on network .Following are the components of RMON1.
Statistics group: it contains the statistics of RMON devices means
that statistics group contains measurements of all problems
monitored by RMON devices.
History group: The history group contains periodical records of data
from different types of network media.
Alarm group: Alarm group is responsible for generating alarms when
any event in network cross threshold.
Host group: The host group contains the information of all hosts in a
network like their IP, MAC addresses.
Filter group: Filter group perform packet filtering operations on
packets moving in a network.
Event group: The event group controls the generation and
notification of events from different devices on network.
 Network Management
Web Based Management:
Web based management means different
networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, wireless access points can be
accessed by using an embedded web based interface which allow users to manage
any devices from anywhere on the network through a standard browser such as
Netscape, Navigator or Microsoft internet explorer. The web browser acts as a
universal access tool and can communicate directly with the device using HTTP
protocol.