Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Geoestadstica aplicada a la
evaluacin de yacimientos
Objetivo y contenidos (1)
muestra
El yacimiento se ve como
una reunin de bloques, que
sern estimados a partir de
datos cercanos (muestras
de sondajes o de pozos de
tronadura).
estudio de factibilidad
diseo de la explotacin
planificacin
Campaa de exploracin
evaluar y categorizar los recursos in situ (evaluacin
global)
justificar la produccin de largo plazo
Introduccin (3)
Estudio de factibilidad y operacin
modelamiento geolgico
Explotacin
MINERAL
tasa de descuento...
Nociones fundamentales (2)
LEY
POTENCIA, ACUMULACIN
LEY DE CORTE
CONTINUIDAD
RECURSO GEOLGICO
RESERVA MINERA
DILUCIN
dilucin interna
geomtrica: debido al contacto entre mineral y estril
inherente (selectividad debida al tamao de bloque)
VARIABLE REGIONALIZADA
Ejemplos:
leyes en cobre, arsnico, molibdeno
densidad de la roca
potencia y acumulacin de una veta
cdigo de litologa
Nociones fundamentales (11)
ADITIVIDAD
Ejemplos:
potencia, acumulacin, ley (si soporte igual)
Contra-ejemplos
COMPSITOS
Fuentes de errores
Histograma estndar
Desagrupamiento
Principales mtodos:
polgonos de influencia
mtodo de las celdas
Distribucin de leyes (3)
Estadstica bsica
medidas de posicin
media, mediana, moda, mnimo, mximo, rango, deciles,
cuartiles, cuantiles
medidas de dispersin
varianza, desviacin estndar, coeficiente de variacin,
rango intercuartil
medidas de forma
coeficiente de asimetra, coeficiente de aplanamiento
Distribucin de leyes (9)
grficos de probabilidad
curvas tonelaje-ley
Histograma acumulado
Grficos de probabilidad
Hay que tener cuidado que las curvas tonelaje ley dependen del
soporte de los valores medidos, en particular las curvas asociadas
a los datos (soporte puntual) no coinciden con las curvas de las
unidades selectivas de explotacin (bloques). Para estimar estas
ltimas, ser necesario construir un modelo de cambio de soporte.
Comportamiento direccional (1)
Nubes direccionales
Nube de dispersin
ver la relacin par a par de ambas variables o correlacin
detectar valores aberrantes
Herramientas bivariables (3)
Definicin
Alternativas
considerar una hiptesis de estacionaridad local: el valor
promedio es localmente constante y vara lentamente en
el
espacio
remover la deriva de los datos
Mapas geolgicos
Alternativas:
mtodos geoestadsticos avanzados (transforman los datos)
capping o cutting
cambiar el tamao de los compsitos
identificar varias poblaciones de datos
Datos imprecisos (1)
diferencias
que puedenesperables cuando
ser importantes en las
las poblaciones estn en zonas
colas de las distribuciones)
distintas, debido a la evolucin en los valores de la variable
regionalizada: cambio en las leyes y en su dispersin (efecto
proporcional)
La regresin de D. Krige
Regresin lineal (1)
aX b
Y
cov (X, Y)
con: a
var ( X)
b mY a mX
Regresin lineal (2)
Problemtica
Propuesta de D. Krige
Propuesta de G. Matheron
Sinclair A.J. and Blackwell G.H., Applied Mineral Inventory Estimation, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 2002, 381 p.
Wackernagel H., Multivariate geostatistics: an introduction with applications, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, 1998, 291 p.
Bibliografa (2)
Sobre categorizacin de recursos y reservas
CIM, CIM Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves - Definitions and Guidelines. Prepared
by the CIM Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions: CIM Bulletin, v. 93, no. 1044, 2000, p.
53-61
CSA, Standards of disclosure for mineral projects: National Instrument 43-101, Canadian
Securities Administration, 2001, 22 p.
EURO, Code for reporting of mineral exploration results, mineral resources and mineral reserves
(the European code). Report prepared by the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Working Group
on Resources and Reserves in conjunction with the European Federation of Geologists and the
Institute of Geologists of Ireland, 2002, 34 p.
JORC, Australasian Code for reporting of exploration results, mineral resources and ore reserves
(the JORC Code, 2004 Edition). Report prepared by the Joint Ore Reserve Committee of the
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and Minerals
Council of Australia, 2004, 21 p.
SAMREC, South African Code for Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (The
SAMREC Code). Report prepared by the South African Mineral Resource Committee SAMREC
under the auspices of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2000, 38 p.
Ejercicios
START OF PARAMETERS:
muestras.dat -file with data
1 2 4 - columns for X, Y, variable
3 -1.0e21 1.0e21 - columns for Z and coordinate limits
-1.0 1.0e21 - trimming limits
mapa_muestras_Cu_planta.ps -file for PostScript output
0.0 400. -xmn,xmx
0.0 600. -ymn,ymx
0 -0=data values, 1=cross validation
0 -0=arithmetic, 1=log scaling
1 -0=gray scale, 1=color scale
0 -0=no labels, 1=label each location
0.0 3.0 0.5 -gray/color scale: min, max, increm
0.25 -label size: 0.1(sml)-1(reg)-10(big)
Muestras de exploracion (planta) -Title
Histograma
START OF PARAMETERS:
muestras.dat -file with data
4 0 - columns for variable and weight
-1.0 1.0e21 - trimming limits
hist_muestras_Cu.ps -file for PostScript output
0.0 3.0 -attribute minimum and maximum
0.12 -frequency maximum (<0 for automatic)
30 -number of classes
0 -0=arithmetic, 1=log scaling
0 -0=frequency, 1=cumulative histogram
0 - number of cum. quantiles (<0 for all)
2 -number of decimal places (<0 for auto.)
Histograma estandar -title
1.5 -positioning of stats (L to R: -1 to 1)
-1.1e21 -reference value for box plot
Desagrupamiento (1)
START OF PARAMETERS:
muestras.dat -file with data
1 2 3 4 - columns for X, Y, Z, and variable
-1.0 1.0e21 - trimming limits
declus.sum -file for summary output
declus.out -file for output with data & weights
1.0 0.25 -Y and Z cell anisotropy (Ysize=size*Yanis)
0 -0=look for minimum declustered mean (1=max)
94 30.0 500.0 -number of cell sizes, min size, max size
10 -number of origin offsets
Desagrupamiento (2)
START OF PARAMETERS:
declus.sum -file with data
1 2 0 0 - columns for X, Y, wt, third var.
-1.0 1.0e21 - trimming limits
media_vs_tamano.ps -file for Postscript output
0.0 500.0 0 -X min and max, (0=arith, 1=log)
0.8 1.10 0 -Y min and max, (0=arith, 1=log)
1 -plot every nth data point
0.5 -bullet size: 0.1(sml)-1(reg)-10(big)
0.0 5.0 -limits for third variable gray scale
Media desagrupada vs tamano de celda -title
Desagrupamiento (3)
START OF PARAMETERS:
muestras.dat -file with data
1 2 3 4 - columns for X, Y, Z, and variable
-1.0 1.0e21 - trimming limits
declus.sum -file for summary output
declus.out -file for output with data & weights
1.0 0.25 -Y and Z cell anisotropy (Ysize=size*Yanis)
0 -0=look for minimum declustered mean (1=max)
1 48.0 48.0 -number of cell sizes, min size, max size
10 -number of origin offsets
Desagrupamiento (4)
START OF PARAMETERS:
declus.out -file with data
4 7 - columns for variable and weight
-1.0 1.0e21 - trimming limits
hist_declus_Cu.ps -file for PostScript output
0.0 3.0 -attribute minimum and maximum
0.12 -frequency maximum (<0 for automatic)
30 -number of classes
0 -0=arithmetic, 1=log scaling
0 -0=frequency, 1=cumulative histogram
0 - number of cum. quantiles (<0 for all)
2 -number of decimal places (<0 for auto.)
Histograma desagrupado -title
1.5 -positioning of stats (L to R: -1 to 1)
-1.1e21 -reference value for box plot
Grficos de probabilidad
START OF PARAMETERS:
declus.out -file with data
4 7 - columns for variable and weight
-1.0 1.0e21 - trimming limits
logprobplt_declus_Cu.ps -file for PostScript output
0 -number of points to plot (<0 for all)
1 -0=arithmetic, 1=log scaling
0.1 10.0 0.5 -min,max,increment for labeling
Grafico de probabilidad lognormal -title
Curvas tonelaje-ley
START OF PARAMETERS:
declus.out \file with data
4 7 \ columns for grade and weight
-1. 1.0e21 \ trimming limits
100.0 \ clipping limit (upper limit)
gtcurve_declus_Cu.ps \file for Postscript output
30 0.0 3.0 \Cutoff: num, min and max
0.0 1.0 \Tonnes: min and max
0.0 5.0 \Grade: min and max
Curvas Tonelaje-Ley
Nubes direccionales
START OF PARAMETERS:
declus.out -file with data
1 4 7 0 - columns for X, Y, wt, third var.
-1.0 1.0e21 - trimming limits
nube_Cu_este.ps -file for Postscript output
0. 400.0 0 -X min and max, (0=arith, 1=log)
0.0 7.3 0 -Y min and max, (0=arith, 1=log)
1 -plot every nth data point
0.25 -bullet size: 0.1(sml)-1(reg)-10(big)
0.0 5.0 -limits for third variable gray scale
Nube direccional (este) -title
Nubes de dispersin
START OF PARAMETERS:
declus.out -file with data
4 5 7 0 - columns for X, Y, wt, third var.
-1.0 1.0e21 - trimming limits
scatplt_cobre_oro.ps -file for Postscript output
0. 7.0 0 -X min and max, (0=arith, 1=log)
0.0 70.0 0 -Y min and max, (0=arith, 1=log)
1 -plot every nth data point
0.25 -bullet size: 0.1(sml)-1(reg)-10(big)
0.0 5.0 -limits for third variable gray scale
Nube de dispersion -title
Grfico cuantiles contra cuantiles
START OF PARAMETERS:
declus.out -file with first set of data (X axis)
4 7 - columns for variable and weight
declus.out -file with second set of data (Y axis)
5 7 - columns for variable and weight
-1.0 1.0e21 - trimming limits
qqplt_declus_CuAu.ps -file for PostScript output
0 -0=Q-Q plot, 1=P-P plot
0 -number of points to plot (<0 for all)
0.0 7.0 -X minimum and maximum
0.0 70.0 -Y minimum and maximum
0 -0=arithmetic, 1=log scaling
Grafico cuantiles contra cuantiles -Title
Nube de correlacin diferida (1)
START OF PARAMETERS:
muestras.dat -first data file
1 2 3 4 -columns for X, Y, Z, and Value
muestras.dat -second data file
1 2 3 4 -columns for X, Y, Z, and Value
getpairs.out -output file with pairs
60.0 -maximum distance
Nube de correlacin diferida (2)
START OF PARAMETERS:
getpairs.out -file with data
2 3 1 - columns for X, Y, variable
18.0 22.0 - trimming limits
hscatt20.ps -file for PostScript output
0.0 3.0 -xmn,xmx
0.0 3.0 -ymn,ymx
0 -0=data values, 1=cross validation
0 -0=arithmetic, 1=log scaling
0 -0=gray scale, 1=color scale
0 -0=no labels, 1=label each location
-1.0 0.0 0.5 -gray/color scale: min, max, increm
0.2 -label size: 0.1(sml)-1(reg)-10(big)
Nube de correlacion diferida (20m) -Title
Mapa de datos ubicados en una grilla
Parameters for PIXELPLT
***********************
START OF PARAMETERS:
Grilla_25x25.dat -file with gridded data
4 - column number for variable
-1.0 1.0e21 - data trimming limits
pixel_pozos25_Cu.ps -file with PostScript output
1 -realization number
16 12.5 25.0 -nx,xmn,xsiz
24 12.5 25.0 -ny,ymn,ysiz
11 11.0 12.0 -nz,zmn,zsiz
1 -slice orientation: 1=XY, 2=XZ, 3=YZ
10 -slice number
Leyes de cobre - pozos centrales -Title
Este -X label
Norte -Y label
0 -0=arithmetic, 1=log scaling
1 -0=gray scale, 1=color scale
0 -0=continuous, 1=categorical
0.0 3.0 0.5 -continuous: min, max, increm.
2 -categorical: number of categories
1 3 Code_One -category(), code(), name()
2 1 Code_Two