TRG TRC001 en Psychrometry

Psychrometry
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Psychrometry
period one
The Psychrometric Chart

Psychrometric
Chart

Properties Of Air
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature
Dew-point temperature
Relative humidity
Humidity ratio

Dry-Bulb Thermometer

Wet-Bulb Thermometer

Condensation Occurs At Dew Point

Fog Occurs When Air Is Saturated

Relative Humidity
describes the degree of saturation
Amount of moisture that a given

amount of air is holding
Relative =
Humidity Amount of moisture that a given
amount of air can hold

Relative Humidity
compares moisture content to saturation
50% 100%
(saturated)
Humidity Ratio
compares water vapor to dry air, by weight

Knowing Two Properties
lets you determine the remaining three
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature
Dew-point temperature
Relative humidity
Humidity ratio

Summer Design Conditions
95F DB (dry bulb)
P
78F WB (wet bulb)
A M
E X
X Marks The Spot
78F
%
50
%
40
72F
95F

Saturated Air
grains of moisture per pound of dry air
DB Humidity DB Humidity
Temp. Ratio Temp. Ratio
25F 19.14 60F 77.61

30F 24.19 65F 92.89
35F 29.94 70F 110.82
40F 36.51 75F 131.83
45F 44.34 80F 156.38
50F 53.63 85F 185.03
55F 64.63 90F 218.42
Plotting Saturation Points
220
218.42
200
180 185.03
Grains Of Moisture Per Pound Of Dry Air
When Saturated (grains/lb of dry air)
160
156.38
140
131.8
120 3
110.82
100
92.89
80
77.61
60 64.63
53.63
40 44.34
36.51
20 29.94
24.19
19.14
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Dry-Bulb Temperature (F)
Saturation Curve
220
200
180
100% Relative Humidity Curve
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
relationship between
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb And Dew Point
220
200 A B C D
Dry Bulb 60F 62F 75F 90F
180
Wet Bulb 60F 60.8F 65.2F 70F
160 Dew Point 60F 60F 60F 60F

Rel Humidity 100% 92% 60% 37%
140
120
100 60F
60F
A Dew Point
80 Wet Bulb
60 B C D
40
20
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
moisture content doesnt change by
Adding Sensible Heat 220
200
180
100% Saturation
160
140
120
100
60F 60F
80 Wet Bulb Dew Point
60
40
20
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Relative Humidity Curves
220
200
Relative Humidity
180
160
140
90 %
0
120
%
10
%
80 %
100
70 %
60
%
80
50
%
40
60
30%
40
20%
20 10%
0 0%
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
intersection represents
Three Air Properties 220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80 Humidity Ratio
60
40
Dry Bulb
20
Relative Humidity
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Determining Wet-Bulb Lines
220
200
180
160
140
120 DI
100 CI
80
BI
60 AI
40 A B C D
20
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
intersection of two known air properties
Determines The Remaining Three
220
200
180
160
140
120
100 Dew Point

80 Humidity Ratio
60
40 Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
20
Relative Humidity
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
A Final PropertySpecific Volume
220
200
180
160
Specific Volume Lines
14.
140 (cubic feet / pound of dry air)
5
120
100
80
60
14.
13.
0
40
13.
5
0
20
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Effect Of Adding Sensible Heat

Effect Of Removing Sensible Heat

Effect Of Adding Moisture

Effect Of Removing Moisture

effect of changing
Sensible Heat And Moisture Content

effect of changing
Sensible Heat And Moisture Content

Psychrometry
period two
Air Mixtures

Determining Entering Air Conditions
Air Conditioner
Mixture Outdoor
C Air (OA)
B
Supply Fan Cooling Coil

A
Recirculated Air
(RA)

Outdoor
Air
B
A
Recirculated 95F
Air 80F

C B
4,000 cfm 1,000 cfm
Mixed Air OA
1,000 cfm = 0.25 A

4,000 cfm
3,000 cfm
OA = 25% RA
RA = 75%
Mixture = 100%
Mixed Air Temperature

95F 0.25 = 23.75F
80F 0.75 = 60.00F
Mixture = 83.75F

B
70F
C
A 95F
83.75F
83.75F
80F

Psychrometry
period three
Sensible Heat Ratio

Effect Of Removing Sensible Heat

Effect Of Removing Latent Heat

effect of
Removing Sensible And Latent Heat

supply air conditions determine
Heat And Moisture Transfer
Supply Air
Return Air
Sensible
Heat
Latent
Heat
sensible and latent heat
Effects Of Improper Removal
Cooler
& Damper
Warmer
& Drier

A Look At Heat Gain . . .

determining the
Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR)
Sensible Heat Gain

SHR =
Sensible Heat Gain + Latent Heat Gain

Sensible Heat Ratio Scale
78F DB
65F WB
Index Point

Drawing An SHR Line
ine
0.80 SHR L
A
Index Point

Room SHR dictates
Supply Air Conditions
t R a t io L ine
e H ea
Sensibl

drawing an SHR line for
Other Room Conditions
B
D RL in e
SH
0.60
C
Index Point 80F

Psychrometry
period four
Air Quantity

Coil Curves
show changes in air properties through a cooling coil
Coil Curves

Determining Supply Airflow
STEP 1: Calculate the sensible heat ratio (SHR)
80,000 Btu/hr sensible heat gain

20,000 Btu/hr latent heat gain
80,000 Btu/hr
SHR = 100,000 Btu/hr = 0.80

Design Conditions:
Room 78F DB, 50% RH
OA 95F DB, 78F WB
Ventilation 25% OA

STEP 2: Plot room, outdoor, and entering conditions
95F 0.25 = 23.75F

78F 0.75 = 58.50F
Mixture = 82.25F
B
C
0.80 SHR
A

STEP 3: Identify supply air conditions
C
0.80 SHR
A
D
56.5F 78F

STEP 4: Solve the supply airflow equation
Sensible Heat Gain Supply

= Airflow
1.085 (Room DB Supply DB)

STEP 4: Solve the supply airflow equation
80,000 Btu/hr
= 3,430 cfm
1.085 (78F 56.5F)

B
C
D A
56.5F
SA D C B
82.2F DB
3,430 cfm
68.6F WB OA
56.5F DB Mixture
55.2F WB
A
American Standard Inc. 1999
RA Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN
effect of
Arbitrarily Using 55F Supply Air
47,000 Btu/hr sensible heat gain

20,000 Btu/hr latent heat gain
47,000 Btu/hr
SHR = 67,000 Btu/hr = 0.70

effect of
Arbitrarily Using 55F Supply Air
AI C
DI 0.70 SHR
A
D
51F 55F

Psychrometry
period five
Tons Of Refrigeration

What is Enthalpy?
The total heat energy in one

pound of air (Btu/lb) at its present
condition:
Enthalpy (h) = Sensible Heat + Latent Heat

Determining Tons Of Refrigeration
STEP 1:
Find enthalpies
entering and
leaving coil
B
C
32.
A 7
D
23.
5

STEP 2: Solve the total refrigeration load equation
4.5 Supply Airflow (h1 h2) Refrigeration

= Load (Btu/hr)
where:
h1 = enthalpy of air entering coil (Btu/lb)
h2 = enthalpy of air leaving coil (Btu/lb)

STEP 2: Solve the total refrigeration load equation
4.5 3,430 cfm (32.7 23.5) = 142,000 Btu/hr
142,000 Btu/hr
= 11.8 tons of refrigeration
12,000 Btu/hr/ton

determining cooling coil
Sensible And Latent Loads
Latent
Load
Sensible B
Load
C
A
32.
7
D 29.
6
23.
5

determining cooling coil
Sensible And Latent Loads
Sensible Coil Load:

4.5 3,430 cfm (29.6 23.5) = 94,150 Btu/hr
7.8 tons of refrigeration (sensible)
Latent Coil Load:
4.5 3,430 cfm (32.7 29.6) = 47,850 Btu/hr
4.0 tons of refrigeration (latent)
Psychrometry
period six
Psychrometric Analyses

SHR Changes Throughout The Day
Full-load conditions
A
D
56.5F 78F

SHR Changes With Room Load
Full Load:
80,000 Btu/hr
SHR = = 0.80
80,000 Btu/hr + 20,000 Btu/hr
Part Load:
47,000 Btu/hr
SHR = = 0.70
47,000 Btu/hr + 20,000 Btu/hr

New SHR Requires New SA Condition
Part-load conditions
B
R
C 0.70 SH
D 0.80 SHR
A

at part-load, with constant supply airflow
Raising SA Temp. Increases Room RH
47,000 Btu/hr
= 3,430 cfm
1.085 (78F Supply DB)
0%
6 0%
Supply DB = 65.4F 5
B
AI 0.70 SH
R
DI C
D 0.80 SHR
A
65.4F

Constant-Volume System
OA
D C
B
SA
A
Modulating RA
Cooling Coil
constant quantity of variable-temperature air

Constant-Volume With Reheat
D B
C
Cooling
Reheat Coil
Coil A
Room
E Thermostat
adding reheat improves

humidity control
Effect Of Adding Reheat
47,000 Btu/hr
= 3,430 cfm
1.085 (78F Supply DB)
Supply DB = 65.4F
C
0.80 SHR
D E A
56.5F 65.4F

Effect Of Adding Reheat
C 0.70 SHR
0.80 SHR
A
D E
56.5F 65.4F

Mixed Air Bypass
D OA
C
B
Face-and-
Bypass A
SA Dampers RA
mixed air bypass improves humidity control

Effect Of Mixed Air Bypass
82.25F 0.455 = 37.4F
51.40F 0.545 = 28.0F
Mixture = 65.4F
B
E A
D
51.4F 65.4F

Effect Of Mixed Air Bypass
0.70 SHR
AI C
E A
D
51.4F 65.4F

Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) System
OA
D C
B
SA
VSD A
RA
variable quantity of constant-temperature air

Calculating Part-Load Airflow
47,000 Btu/hr
= 2,015 cfm
1.085 (78F 56.5F)
B
R
0.70 SH
AI C
0.80 SHR
D A
55.5F

PC-based software tools
Simplify Psychrometric Analysis

Psychrometry
period seven
Review

review
Five Properties Of Air 220
200
180
160
140
120
100 Dew Point

80 Humidity Ratio
60
40 Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
20
Relative Humidity
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
review
Determining Mixed Air Conditions
95F 0.25 = 23.75F
80F 0.75 = 60.00F
Mixture = 83.75F
B
70F
C
A 95F
83.75F
83.75F
80F

review
Determining Sensible Heat Ratio
Sensible Heat Gain
SHR =
Sensible Heat Gain + Latent Heat Gain
A
a t R a t io Line
He
Sensible

review
Determining Coil Leaving Conditions
Sensible Heat Gain
= Supply
1.085 (Room DB Supply DB) Airflow
Coil Curve C
SHR Line
D A
Supply DB

review
4.5 Supply Airflow (h1 h2) = Refrigeration Load
D A

review
Psychrometric B
Analysis C
A SHR Line
D
SA D C B
OA
RA A

TRG TRC001 en Psychrometry

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Psychrometry

A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Amount of moisture that a given

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

25F 19.14 60F 77.61

160 Dew Point 60F 60F 60F 60F

100 Dew Point

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Supply Fan Cooling Coil

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

1,000 cfm = 0.25 A

Mixed Air Temperature

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Sensible Heat Gain

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

80,000 Btu/hr sensible heat gain

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Room 78F DB, 50% RH

OA 95F DB, 78F WB

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

95F 0.25 = 23.75F

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Sensible Heat Gain Supply

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

47,000 Btu/hr sensible heat gain

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

The total heat energy in one

Enthalpy (h) = Sensible Heat + Latent Heat

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN