VAV Systems

VAV Systems
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

VAV Systems
period one
What Is Variable Air Volume?

Constant-Volume,
Variable-Temperature System
supply cooling OA
fan coil
SA
thermostat RA
space
constant-volume, variable-temperature-system
Full Load
Supply Sensible Heat Gain

Airflow
=
1.085 (Space DB Supply DB)
With these design conditions
space sensible heat gain = 40,000 Btu/hr
space dry-bulb temperature = 75F
supply air dry-bulb temperature = 55F
Supply 40,000 Btu/hr

Airflow
= = 1,840 cfm
1.085 (75F 55F)
constant-volume, variable-temperature system
Part Load
Supply Space Sensible Heat Gain

DB = DB

1.085 Supply Airflow
With these part load conditions
supply airflow = 1,840 cfm

DB = 75F = 65F
1.085 1,840 cfm
Applied To Multiple Spaces
single thermostat
Im
fine.
Its stuffy
in here!
Im
Im freezing!
hot!

Applied To Multiple Spaces
80F
65F
55F
55F 65F
reheat coil
Terminal Reheat System
EA RA
OA supply PA
fan
cooling reheat
coil coil
thermostat
SA
Variable-Air-Volume System
EA RA
OA supply PA
fan
cooling VAV
coil box
variable-
speed drive
thermostat SA
variable-air-volume (VAV) system
Full Load
With these design conditions

Airflow
= = 1,840 cfm
1.085 (75F 55F)

variable-air-volume (VAV) system
Part Load
With these part load conditions

Airflow
= = 920 cfm
1.085 (75F 55F)

why VAV?
Part-Load Energy Savings
Reduced fan energy

Reduced refrigeration energy

why VAV?
Comfort
Dedicated terminal units
Dedicated thermostats Im
quite
cozy.
Its nice
in here!
Im Ahhh!
fine.

System Comparison
constant-volume, constant-volume,
single zone VAV
terminal reheat
Constant fan energy Constant fan energy Fan energy savings
Nearly constant refrigeration
Refrigeration energy energy
Refrigeration energy
savings savings
Delivers comfort to many
Delivers comfort to spaces inefficiently Delivers comfort to
only one thermal zone Reheat energy increases at many spaces efficiently
part load

variable-air-volume system
Building Characteristics
Variable thermal load profiles

Multiple, independently-controlled
spaces
Common return air path

Variable Thermal Load Profiles
100 east-facing
space
west-facing
percent space load
75 space
50
25
6 12 6
a.m. noon p.m.
Multiple,
Independently-Controlled Spaces
Dedicated terminal units
Dedicated thermostats

Common Return Air Path
Space 1 Space 2 Space 3

VAV Systems
period two
Components Of A VAV System
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic 2803-8-1999

components of a
VAV System
return air path
relief
fan
supply
supply ductwork
fan
VAV
central box
air handler
thermostat

Airflow Modulation
rotating
blade damper
air valve

Rotating Blade Damper
airflow
blade actuator
damper
Air Valve
airflow
damper actuator
Near-Linear Performance
100
80 VariTrane
air valve
% nominal airflow
60
40 ce
an
o rm
20 erf rotating
r p
ea blade damper
li n
0 20 40 60 80 100
American Standard Inc. 1999
% wide open position Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN
VAV Terminal Units
supply
air
terminal heating coil

primary
filter
air terminal mixing fan
airflow
modulation
device
VAV terminal unit types
Single-Duct, Cooling-Only
supply
air
primary
air

Single-Duct, Cooling-Only
remote source of heat maximum
100% primary
airflow
heating tempering
% airflow to space
minimum
primary
airflow
primary air
0%
design design
heating load space load cooling load
Space Heating With A VAV System
terminal
mixing fan plenum air
remote
heating heat source
coil
VAV Reheat
supply
air
primary
air
terminal
heating coil

VAV Reheat
maximum
100% heating coil active primary
airflow
heating tempering
% airflow to space
minimum
heating
airflow
minimum
cooling
primary air airflow
0%
design design
Fan-Powered
warm
plenum air
parallel
cool
primary air
series
Parallel, Fan-Powered
supply
terminal air
mixing fan
plenum
air
primary
air
terminal
heating coil

Parallel, Fan-Powered
maximum
100% primary
heating tempering airflow
% airflow to space
plenum air
minimum
primary
airflow
primary air
0%
design design
Series, Fan-Powered
terminal
heating coil
supply
primary air
air
plenum
air
terminal
mixing fan
Series, Fan-Powered
maximum
100%
primary
airflow
heating tempering
% airflow to space
plenum air minimum

primary
airflow
primary air
0%
design design
Parallel vs. Series Fan-Powered
Constant airflow to the space

Acoustics
Fan energy consumption

Single-Duct VAV Systems
central air handler
OA PA
90F 55F
VSD
RA single-duct
EA 80F VAV terminal units

Dual-Duct
supply
air
warm
primary air
cool
primary air

dual-duct system
Variable Air Volume To The Space
maximum
100%
heating tempering primary
airflow
% airflow to space
warm
primary air minimum
primary
airflow
cool primary air
0%
design design
dual-duct system
Constant Air Volume To The Space
maximum
100%
primary
airflow
warm
primary air
% airflow to space
minimum
primary
airflow
cool primary air
0%
design design
Single-Fan, Dual-Duct VAV System
central air handler cooling 55F
coil
OA
40F 55F
heating 105F
coil
dual-duct
VSD VAV
terminal
EA RA units
75F

Two-Fan, Dual-Duct VAV System
OA PA 55F
40F 55F
cooling
air handler dual-duct
VAV
terminal
heating units
air handler
RA PA 105F
EA 75F

VAV Terminal Unit Controls

VAV terminal unit controls
Upstream Pressure Affects Airflow
1,000 cfm
0.70 in. wg
static pressure VAV terminal unit
in supply duct (identical damper positions)
1,300 cfm
0.80 in. wg
static pressure
in supply duct
Pressure-Dependent Control
Space sensor controls position of the modulating device
Airflow to space depends on SP in upstream duct system
Pressure-Independent Control
Space sensor controls desired airflow
Airflow to space is controlled directly,
independent of SP in upstream duct system

Primary Airflow Measurement
airflow
measured
pressure
difference
airflow sensor
Terminal Unit Control Technologies
Pneumatic control
Electronic control
Direct digital control (DDC)

Pneumatic
primary
air
return bladder pneumatic

spring pressure
damper
Pneumatic
Pneumatic Volume Regulator (PVR) provides
pressure-independent control
Pneumatic thermostat directly controls terminal
unit fan and heat source
Minimum and maximum airflow settings
adjusted physically on PVR
Compressed air operates modulation device,
PVR and space thermostat

Electronic
gear threaded shaft

primary
air
damper
motor
damper

Electronic
Electronic pressure transducer provides
Electronic controller positions modulation
device, controls terminal fan and heat source
adjusted physically on electronic controller
Electric power supply operates modulation
device and electronic controller

Direct Digital Control (DDC)
central air handler
DDC/VAV
terminal units
communicating
building automation
system (BAS) Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN
Direct Digital Control (DDC)
Electronic pressure transducer provides
Digital controller positions modulation device,
controls terminal fan and heat source
adjusted through communication link
Electric power supply operates modulation
device and electronic controller

Diffusers
flexible
duct
diffuser
sheet metal
supply duct
VAV
primary air
terminal unit
diffusers
Linear Slot
linear
slot supply air
Coanda effect diffuser
supply duct
55F 55F
air from
space 5 ft

diffusers
Ceiling Compatibility
hanger wire
ceiling tile
cross T
structural T

diffusers
Ceiling Compatibility
cross T
air slot flange ceiling
tile
mounting feet
cross T
air slot
structural T
Supply Duct System
central
air handler
diffuser
flexible
duct
sheet metal
supply duct
VAV
terminal
unit Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN
Duct Design
Equal friction method

equal static pressure drop per unit length of duct
design can be performed by hand
Static regain method

relatively constant static pressure throughout system
desirable for VAV system duct design
design often requires a computer program

Duct Design Recommendations
Keep as simple and symmetrical as possible
Locate main runs, branch runs, and terminal units
above hallways or unoccupied spaces
Minimize use of flexible ductwork upstream of
terminal units
Use duct lining or a duct silencer in first duct
section to attenuate supply fan noise
Place balancing dampers upstream of diffusers in
all noncritical branches
Reducing transitions should be several duct
diameters upstream of terminal units
VAV Systems
period three
System Configurations

Perimeter (P) vs. Interior (I) Spaces

Perimeter Spaces
overhead
heating
perimeter
heating

perimeter space heating
Baseboard
heat loss > 450 Btu/hr/ft
cooling-only
VAV terminal unit
baseboard
heating system
perimeter space heating
Overhead Supply
diffusers in
center of space
( < 250 Btu/hr/ft )
diffusers blanket
perimeter wall
( 250-450 Btu/hr/ft ) Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN
perimeter spaces
VAV Reheat
heat loss < 250 Btu/hr/ft
VAV reheat
terminal unit

perimeter spaces
Fan-Powered VAV
heat loss < 250 Btu/hr/ft
parallel,
fan-powered VAV
terminal unit

perimeter spaces
Dual-Duct VAV
heat loss < 250 Btu/hr/ft warm
primary air
cool
primary air
dual-duct VAV
terminal unit

Interior Spaces
cooling-only
VAV terminal unit

interior spaces
Reheat Required
VAV reheat
terminal unit

Small Buildings

Changeover/Bypass VAV System
EA
RA
bypass damper
OA supply PA
fan
VAV
damper
constant-volume supply fan

VAV to spaces SA

System-Level Control Modes
Occupied mode
Unoccupied mode
Morning warm-up/cool-down mode

Occupied Mode
Main supply fan operates continuously
Constant primary-air setpoint
Main supply fan controlled to maintain the
system static pressure setpoint
Outdoor air damper delivers proper amount of
ventilation air
Terminal units maintain respective occupied
space thermostat setpoints

Unoccupied Mode
Main supply fan operates only as needed to
maintain thermostat setpoints
Outdoor air damper is closed
Terminal units maintain respective
unoccupied space thermostat setpoints

Morning Warmup/Cooldown Mode
Main supply fan operates continuously
Outdoor air damper is closed, unless required
for preoccupancy purge
Terminal units are either fully open or
modulated to maintain their respective
occupied space thermostat setpoints

VAV Systems
period four
Fan Modulation

Fan Performance Curve
fan speed (rpm)

static pressure (in. wg)
performance
curve
2.7
1,0
00
24,000
airflow (cfm)
System Resistance Curve
system
resistance
curve
2.7
1.05
15,000 24,000
airflow (cfm)
Fan Operating Point
performance system
curve resistance
curve
2.7 A
operating
point
1,0
00
rpm
24,000
airflow (cfm)
"Riding The Fan Curve"
new system
resistance
curve
3.15 B
system
2.7 static increase A resistance
curve
1,0
00
airflow
rpm
reduction
18,000 24,000
airflow (cfm)
Forward-Curved Centrifugal Fan
horsepower
15 20 25
3.15 B
2.7 A
unstable
operation
1,0
00
rpm
18,000 24,000
airflow (cfm)
Fan Modulation Curvestatic pressure (in. wg)
fan modulation
sensor point curve
airflow (cfm)
Fan Control Loop
static pressure
supply sensor
fan
controller

VAV Fan Modulation
new system
resistance
curve
system
resistance
A curve
fan modulation B
curve
airflow (cfm)
Fan Modulation Methods
Discharge dampers
Inlet vanes
Fan speed control
Variable-pitch blade control

Discharge Dampers
supply
fan
discharge
dampers

Discharge Dampers
new system
resistance
curve
system
damper resistance
SP loss A curve
fan
modulation B
curve
airflow (cfm)
Fan Inlet Vanes
inlet
vanes
supply
fan

Fan Inlet Vanes
new system
resistance
curve
system
resistance
B A curve
fan
modulation
curve
80 90 inlet vane
100
position (%)
airflow (cfm)
Fan Speed Control
supply
fan
variable-
speed drive

Fan Speed Control
new system
fan speed curves (rpm) resistance
curve
system
A
resistance
curve
B
fan modulation
1,0
curve
90
80
00
0r
0r
rpm
pm
pm
airflow (cfm)
Variable-Pitch Blade Control
adjustable
pitch
blades

Variable-Pitch Blade Control
new system
resistance
stall
curve
total pressure (in. wg)
region
system
resistance
B A curve
50
fan modulation
45
curve 40
35
blade pitch angle
airflow (cfm)
Fan Modulation Comparisons
100
90 BI fan with
discharge
80 dampers
70
AF fan with
% design BHP
60
inlet vanes
50
40
FC fan with FC fan with
30 discharge inlet vanes
20
dampers
10
frequency
0 inverter
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% design airflow
Controlling System Static Pressure
Fan outlet static pressure control

Supply duct static pressure control
Optimized static pressure control

Fan Outlet Static Pressure Control
sensor located
at fan outlet
VAV
terminal units
supply
fan

Supply Duct Static Pressure Control
sensor located approximately
2/3 down supply duct
VAV
terminal units
supply
fan

Optimized Static Pressure Control
sensor located damper
at fan outlet static positions
pressure
supply sensor
fan
VAV
terminal
communicating units
BAS
fan speed or
inlet vane position
static pressure control
Part-Load Comparison
control airflow fan SP brake % full-load

method (cfm) (in. wg.) horsepower power
full load 24,000 2.70 22 ---

part load
fan outlet 18,000 2.13 13 60%
supply duct 18,000 1.85 12 55%
optimized 18,000 1.52 9.5 43%

VAV Systems
period five
Application Considerations

System-Level Ventilation
RA
OA PA
VAV #1 VAV #2 VAV #3

primary air (PA) 3000 = 1000 + 1000 + 1000
OA required 700 = 200 + 200 + 300
ventilation fraction 0.20 0.20 0.30
ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 (Equation 6-1)

Ventilation Reset
outdoor airflow
measurement RA central air handler
and control with controls
OA PA
VAV terminal units

with DDC controls
communicating BAS
Freeze Protection For Coils
RA
80F
warm air
OA
mixed air
10F
cold air
cooling
coil

Measures To Prevent Coil Freeze-Up
Drain coils during cold weather
Keep water in motion
Add glycol to the water
Use face-and-bypass dampers to limit
amount of cold airflow through coil
Preheat the outdoor air
(heating coil, heat recovery)

Part-Load Space Humidity Control
part-load space conditions ...
CV system = 75F DB / 66% RH
VAV system = 75F DB / 58% RH
mixed air
supply air
55F 60F 75F

Part-Load Supply Air Tempering
overcooled space conditions ...
68F DB / 74% RH
RH
0%
7
supply air
55F 68F

Building Pressure Control
EA
RA
OA supply PA
fan
SA
building pressure control
Direct Pressurization Control
EA
RA
relief
fan
OA supply PA
fan
controller
outdoor representative SA
static pressure space static
pressure Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN
VAV Systems
period six
Review

Review Period 1
EA
RA
OA PA
VAV
central
box
air handler
thermostat
SA
Review Period 2
fan-powered
VAV terminal unit
single-duct, cooling-only dual-duct

VAV terminal unit VAV terminal unit
Review Period 3
perimeter spaces interior spaces

Review Period 4
new system
fan performance resistance
curve curve
system
resistance
curve
fan modulation B A
curve
airflow (cfm)
Review Period 5
System-level ventilation
Freeze protection for coils
Part-load space humidity control
Building pressure control

VAV Systems
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

VAV Systems - Trc014en

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A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

Supply Sensible Heat Gain

Supply 40,000 Btu/hr

Supply Space Sensible Heat Gain

Supply 20,000 Btu/hr

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

Supply 40,000 Btu/hr

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

Supply 20,000 Btu/hr

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

Reduced fan energy

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

Variable thermal load profiles

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

Space 1 Space 2 Space 3

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic 2803-8-1999

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

terminal heating coil

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

plenum air minimum

Constant airflow to the space

Fan energy consumption

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

return bladder pneumatic

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

gear threaded shaft

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

central air handler

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

Equal friction method

Static regain method

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

constant-volume supply fan

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN