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- Ionic bonds between cations and anions in the solid and hydrogen bonds
between water molecules are broken
- New attractions between water molecules and anions and water molecules and
cations formed
Water
Solid
More Background:
- Bond making releases more energy than the bond breaking absorbs, so process
releases heat
Process: Calculating H
- Calorimeter- container used to calculate the heat of
solution during a process
5 18.2 16.9
- Using values for qrxn and qsoln calculated enthalpy in units of kJ/mol
Bag:
4 in.
5.25 g of calcium
chloride
25 mL water
- The design uses two bags, one small bag to hold the water, and the other larger
bag holding calcium chloride
- The hand warmer acts by popping the small water bag inside the bigger bag
flled with calcium chloride
We chose Calcium Chloride because it had the highest output of energy for the
amount of water we used
Our prototype now was a result of a lot of trial and error. We tried many different
mL of water
We decided to use the 25 mL of water because when we used smaller amounts the
heat didnt last as long as to having more. We also wanted to have a comfortable
sized hand warmer to ft in the palms of your hand.
Cost Analysis
Quart storage double zipper 84 bags ziploc - $7 .00
CaCl2 - $0.07 for one hand warmer ----> $6.88 for 100 hand warmers
Water- FREE