MODEL

PROBLEM SOLVING

Tim Mata Kuliah

Program Studi Pendidikan IPA (S2)
Most people spend more time and energy going
around problems, than in trying to solve them.

-Henry Ford
DEFINISI..
The termproblem solvingis used in many
disciplines, sometimes with different
perspectives, and often with different
terminologies.
The problem solving has been defined as a
higher-ordercognitiveprocess that requires
the modulation and control of more routine or
fundamental skills (Goldstein, 1987)
Solving problems the best way to learn physics
Problems solving activity will students to
understand physics laws
 Jenis Problem

Closed-Ended Problem
Open-Ended Problem
Jenis ProblemClosed Problem
A closed-ended problem is a problem that only has
one solution leading to one answer.
Typical closed ended problems are text book
questions leading you to the answers that are
given in the chapter.
Closed-ended questions can be answered with
Yes or No, or they have a limited set of
possible answers (such as: A, B, C, or All of the
Above)
Answers to closed-ended questions can easily be
analyzed statistically.
Jenis ProblemOpen Ended
Open-ended problem is a problem that has
several or many correct answers, and several
ways to the correct answer(s).
The Open-Ended Problem Solving is based on
the research conducted by Shimada S., which is
called "The Open-Ended Approach".
The Open-Ended Approach provides students
with "experience in finding something new in
the process"(Shimada 1997).
Jenis ProblemOpen Ended
Open-Ended problems are also used as
assessment tasks because "In responding to
such (open-ended) items, students are often
asked not only to show their work, but also to
explain how they got their answers or why they
chose the method they did" (Schoenfeld, A. et
al., 1997).
Students participate more actively in lessons
and express their Ideas more frequently
Every student can respond to the problem in
some significant ways of his / her own.
Jenis ProblemOpen Ended

Open-ended questions are questions that allow someone to give a

free-form answer.
How to Ask Open-Ended
Questions

Ask Open-EndedHow
to Ask Open.docx
MODEL PENYELESAIAN MASALAH
DALAM ILMU FISIKA
1) Model Penyelesaian Masalah Fisika Minnesota
(1995)

2) Model Penyelesaian Masalah Fisika Frederick

Reif (1995)

3) Model Penyelesaian Masalah Teks Fisika Wilson-

Buffa (2000)

4) Model Penyelesaian Masalah Fisika Hestenes

(1987)

5) Penyelesaian Masalah Fisika Kreatif (2006)

1). MODEL PS MINNESOTA (1995)
Focus the Problem
1). Heller. et al at University of Minnesota can be
described in five steps:

a. Focus the problem - develop qualitative

description in pictures and words.
b. Describe the physics - simplify where possible,
introduce useful relations.
c. Plan the solution - make an outline with the
equations from step 2.
d. Execute the plan - manipulate equations, put
in numbers, solve algebra.
e. Evaluate the answer - look for errors, make
sure answer makes sense.
1). Heller. et al, 1992
(Bentuk Umum)
1). Heller. et al, 1992
1). Heller. et al, 1992..
1) Model PS
Minnesota (1995)
1) Model PS
Minnesota
(1995).
1) Model PS
Minnesota
(1995).
Contoh(1):
1). Focus the
Problem
Contoh:
2). Desribe the
Pysics
Contoh:
3). PLan the
Solution
Contoh:
4). Execute
the Plan
Contoh:
5). Evaluate
the Answer
2) Frederick
Reif, 1995
2) F. Reif. et al,
1995.
2) F. Reif. et al,
1995.
2) F. Reif. et al,
1995.
2) F. Reif. et al,
1995.
 3) Model Wilson-Buffa (2000)
Model PS Wilson-Buffa (2000) have the six general
problem-solving steps given in the text.
1. Read the problem carefully, and analyze it.
2. Draw a diagram as an aid in visualizing and
analyzing the physical situation.
3. Write down the given data and what is to be found.
4. Determine which principle(s) and equation(s) are
applicable to the situation, and how they can be used
to get from the information given to what is to be
found.
5. Substitute the given quantities into the equation(s)
and perform calculations
6. Consider/Check whether the results are reasonable.
MODEL PENYELESAIAN MASALAH
MATEMATIKA DAN UMUM
A. Model Polya (1945)

B. Model Krulik and Rudnick (1978).

C. Model Dewey (1933)

D. Model Lester (1978)

E. Model Wood (1997)

MODEL-MODEL PENYELESAIAN MASALAH

A.Model Plya (1945)

Dalam bukunya yang
terkenal; How to
Solve it, beliau
menulis empat (4)
langkah dalam
penyelesaian
masalah;
POLYA,S MODEL UTK FISIKA
CONTOH (1): POLYA,S MODEL UTK FISIKA (VECTORS)
CONTOH(1): POLYA,S MODEL UTK FISIKA (VECTORS)..
CONTOH(2): POLYA,S MODEL UTK FISIKA (VECTORS)
CONTOH(2): POLYA,S MODEL UTK FISIKA (VECTORS)
B. Model Krulik and Rudnick (1978). Model ini
menyarankan lima (5) langkah penyelesaian Masalah:
 C. Model Lester (1978).
Model ini menyarankan 6 langkah penyelesaian masalah
A
C. Model Lester (Modifikasi) (1978)
 D. Model Rohr (1992)
A
G. Davis
Hestesnes,
1992
I. J.J.Richardson,
1997
J. MODEL DE CORTE (2003)
Step I : Mengembangkan gambaran mental
STEP I
(M2, M5) terhadap masalah
Step II : Membuat keputusan bagaimana
menyelesaikan masalah
STEP II Step III: Melaksanakan plan yang
(M1, M2)
diinginkan
Step IV : Menginterpretasikan hasil dan

STEP III
merumuskan jawaban
(M6, M3, M4) Step V : Menilai Hasil penyelesaian
M1 : merumuskan desain penyelesaian
M2 : menjelaskan Tujuan Penyelesaian Masalah
STEP IV M3: memeriksa proses perhitungan
(M3, M4, M5, M6)
M4 : mengetahui dengan pasti setiap kesilapan
M5 : menemui ide/hasil yang baru
STEP V M6: menanyakan kembali tentang tujuan
(M3) penyelesaian masalah
THE END
DEFINISI..
Problems solving activity will help our to
understand physics laws.
The more problems you solve the better
your understanding of these laws.
There are some general rules on how to
solve problems and it is a good idea to
familiarize yourself with them. It will
given a short list of these rules:
DEFINISI..
1. Read the problem carefully and try to understand
it, that is, answer yourself the following questions:
what experiment would be possible to solve the
problem experimentally. In other words, what
experiment or phenomena is involved in the
problem? what is the question you are supposed to
answer?
2. Identify the physical laws, principles, and
equations involved in the problem. Write down
these equations.
3. Make a graph, sketch, or drawing to visualize the
situation described in the problem.
DEFINISI..
4. List all quantities involved in the problem and
assign symbols to them IF THEY ARE NOT
assigned in the problem text.
DO NOT solve problems using numbers right
away, even if the problem is very simple.
Always first solve problems analytically, that
is using symbols.
5. Once you have solved the problem analytically
make the first check by substituting units to
the final equation.
 DEFINISI..

If you do not get the correct dimension for your

answer, the solution is definitely wrong.
If the dimension of the quantity you are looking
for is correct, the solution may be correct.
For example, if you found the average speed
with a dimension of m2/s, the solution is wrong.
However obtaining a dimension of m/s DOES
NOT mean that the answer has to be correct.
DEFINISI..

It most probably is, but may also be incorrect.

In case a. start from the beginning.
In case b. make further checks by, for example
substitute numbers given in the problem and
see if the result is reasonable.
If the speed of a car obtained from solving the
problem is 10,000 km/h - something definitely
went wrong during the solving.
DEFINISI..
When you solve 200, 300 problems in physics
you will develop methods for checking the
correctness of the answer.

It is like learning to swim. It is easer with an

instructor, but no one, no book, no manual, can
teach you. You must learn it yourself
Definition in Computer Science and
Algorithmics.
Incomputer scienceand in the part ofartificial
intelligencethat deals with algorithms
("algorithmics"), problem solving encompasses a
number of techniques known as algorithms,
heuristics,root cause analysis, etc.
In these disciplines, problem solving is part of a
larger process that encompasses problem
determination,de-duplication, analysis,
diagnosis, repair, etc