DEIXIS

GROUP 1

ALRINA RARAS TACAZELY 0203516010

DIAN FATHUR RAHMAN 0203516033
INTRODUCTION
Relationships between language
and context which is reflected in
the structures of language
Concern
the ways in which languages encode or
grammaticalize features of the context of
utterance or speech event ; the ways in
which the interpretation of utterances
depends on the analysis of that context
of utterances
Example
1. I'll be back in an hour
2. Listen, I'm not disagreeing with
you but with you, and not about this
but about this
3. Meet me here a week from now
with a stick about this big.
Approaches
1. Philosophical Approaches
2. Descriptive Approaches
Philosophical Approaches
The topic of deixis, indexical
expressions: how truth-
conditional semantics deals with
certain natural language
expressions
Examples
1. Letizia de Ramolino was the
mother of Napoleon
2. I am the mother of Napoleon
Indexical signs: determined a
referent by an existential
relation between sign and
refererent (Burks, 1949)
 Part of philosophical interest in this area
arose from questions whether:
1. all indexical expressions can be
reduced to a single primary one
2. the final pragmatic residue can be
translated out into some eternal context-
free artificial language
Descriptive Approaches
There are some categories:

person, place and time

Person Deixis
Person deixis concerns the encoding
of the role of participants in speech
event in which the utterance in
question is delivered
 Person deixis is encoded in
pronouns : 'I' for the speaker;
'you' for the addressee; 'he',
'she', 'it', 'we', 'they' for others.
Example
1. Let's go to the cinema
2. Let's go to see you tomorrow
3. Hey, you, you just scratched my
car with your frisbee
2. SPACE/SPATIAL/PLACE
DEIXIS
Words used to point to a location ( here, there) are examples of
PLACE DEIXIS.

It concerns the specification of locations relative to anchorage

points in the speech event. (speaker = centre)
Two basic ways of referring to objects:
By describing or
naming them

By locating them
 Locations can be:
Example
The station is two hundred yards from the
fixed reference cathedral.
points Kabul lies at latitude 34 degrees, longitude 70
degrees.
Gunung Pati is 7 kilos from Kelud.
specified relative
to other objects
Its two hundred yard away.
Kabul is four hundred miles of here.
Gunung Pati is 7 kilos from there.
PURE PLACE-DEICTIC WORDS

Here There
Distal from
The speakers speakers location
location is at coding at CT./
time (CT)
Proximal to
addressee at RT.
Its very
grateful to Put the
be here with flowers
you. there.
Sometimes, there does not generally mean how
are things at some place distant from the
speaker.
Example 1: How are things there?

How are things where the addressee is

Example 2: Were there.

there refers to the place we previously mentioned as our
goal

My friends and I visited MAJT yesterday.

Were there for joining an Islamic seminar.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
(Proximal-distal dimension)

Thi Tha
s The object in a
pragmatically
t
The object beyond
the pragmatically
given area close to given area close to
the speakers the speakers
location at CT. location at CT.

This is my
friend. That is my friend.
Distal dimension with the speakers location
Bring that here and take this there.
The other Demonstrative Determiners
In North West America, there are In Javanese:
4:
1. Iki
1. This one right here
2. Iku
2. This one nearby
3. That one over there
In Arabic, there are:
4. That one way over there
1. Hadza
In Bahasa Indonesia: 2. Dzalika
1. Ini
2. Itu
Combination between deictic and non-deictic
terms

Deictic Non-deictic
Surfaces, fronts,
This, that
back, sides
This side of the box.
The surface of the box

This side of the tree.

That the area of the three visible from the point of speaker CT.
Perspectives
The cat is behind the car.

The car intervenes between

Deictic the cat and the speakers
location.

Meaning
Non- The cat is at the intrinsic
deictic rear-end of the car.
Perspectives
Bob is the man to the left of Mark.

Bob may be to
Non-deictic
Mark own left.

Meaning
Bob may be to
the left from the
Deictic
speakers point
of view.
Come vs Go
Hes coming.
He is moving towards the speakers location at CT.

Hes going.
He is moving away from the speakers location at CT.

Im coming.
The speaker is moving towards the location of the
addressee at CT.
Temporal term for deictic location
Theres a good fast food joint just ten minutes from here.

ATM terdekat dari sini hanya 5

menit.
3. Time Deixis

Temporal or Time Diexis is any expression used to point to a time

Concerning with the various times involved in and referred to in an
utterance, such as: tonight, last week, yesterday, before, after, etc.
Including time adverbs like now, then, soon and so forth, and also
different tenses.
Example of Time Deixis
Tomorrow
Tomorrow denotes the consecutive next day after every day. The
tomorrow of a day last year was a different day from tomorrow of
a day next week.
Concept of Encoding Time(ET) and Decoding Time(DT)
Fillmore : the time adverbs can be used relative to the time
when an utterance is made. Fillmore calls this time as the
encoding time (ET) ; On the contrary, The time when the
utterance is heard is called decoding time (DT)

While these are frequently the same time, they can differ, as
in case of pre-recorded broadcast or correspondence.

It is raining now, but I hope when you

read this it will be sunny.
The ET and DT would be different, with the
formal deictic term concerning ET and the
latter concerning DT.
Concept of Encoding Time(ET) and Decoding Time(DT)

Moreover, when I say, I am going to start a new chapter, it is an

excellent example of ET. But when a teacher conveys a written
message to his/her class, by writing on the white board: I will
back in an hour, he is referring to the decoding time or DT.
complexities in the usage of tense, time adverbs and other time-
deictic morphemes (letter writing, or pre- recording of media
programmes)
deictic centre remains on the speaker and CT: This programme,
is being recorded today, Wednesday April 1st, to be relayed next
Thursday.
deictic centre is projected on the addressee and RT: This
programme was recorded last Wednesday, April 1st, to be
relayed today. (deictic centre was projected into the future)
Time Diexis: Tenses
Tenses are generally separated into absolute (deictic)
and relative tenses.

Absolute tense refers immediately to the time of the

speaker's utterance: simple past, simple present
He went

whereas the pluperfect is relative to some other

deictically specified time, as in
He had gone
 4. DISCOURSE DEIXIS
Concerns the use of expressions within some utterance to
refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that
utterance (including the utterance itself. (Levinson, 1983:
85)
Place discourse deixis
This can be used to refers to a forthcoming portion of
the discourse.
i.g : I bet you havent heard this story
That to a preceding portion
i.g : That was the funniest story Ive never heard
Time discourse-deictic
It seems natural that time-deictic words can be used to refer to
portions of the discourse:

Examples:
Last week
Next Thursday

Last paragraph
In the next Chapter
 SOCIAL DEIXIS
Social Deixis is concerned with the codification of the
social status of the speaker, the addressee, or the third
person or entity referred to, as well as social
relationships holding between them (see, e.g., Levinson
1983: 63, Anderson and Keenan 1985, Fillmore 1997:
111-12, Manning 2001)
Two Types (Comrie 1976, Levinson 1983: 90-1, Brown
and Levinson 1987)
1. absolute
2. relational
Major form of social deixis:
Honorifics.
Yule (1996: 10) stated that deictic expressions which
indicate higher status are described as honorifics. The
discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice
of one of these forms rather than another is sometimes as
social deixis. (e.g. sampeyan, panjenengan)
T-V Distinction
Social deixis is exemplified by certain uses of the so-called TV
(tu/vous) pronouns in many language. The varying usage of these
pronouns indicates something about formality, familiarity, and/or
solidarity between the interactants.
I (T form ) might be used when speaking to a friend or social
equal,
We (V form) used for speaking to a stranger or social superior.
(Cruse, 2000: 321)
Categorization of social deictic information:
Speaker and referent (e.g. referent honorifics)
Speaker and addressee (e.g. addressee
RELATIONAL honorifics)
Speaker and bystander (e.g. by stander or
audience honorifics)
Speaker and setting (e.g. formality levels)

Authorized speaker:
Thai: khrab a polite participle that can only be
ABSOLUTE used by male speakers.
kha a polite participle that can only be used by
female speakers
Authorized recipient:
Title Address: Your Honour, Mr. President
Anaphoric Reference
anaphora refers to the way in which a word or phrase relates to other
text.
Exophoric reference refers to language outside of the text in which the
reference is found.
i.g. The queen is pretty. (Location?)
Endophoric reference refers to something inside of the text in which the
reference is found.
i.g. "Susan dropped the plate. It shattered loudly"
References
Grundy, P. Doing Pragmatics (second ed.). New York, USA: Oxford University Press,
Inc.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Newyork: Cambridge University press 1983.
Lyons, J. (1997). Semantics 2. Newyork, Newyork, USA: Cambridge University
press.

 Santi : tomorrow. Tidak usah mengkhawatirkan masa depan.

Dont worry about tomorrow. How to analyze it?
Sirojul: discourse deixis: that is what I mean.