MEIOSIS

LINKAGE
.

and
.

CROSSING OVER
 LINKED GENES
Genes located close together on the
same chromosome
Linked genes travel together during
meiosis, eventually arriving at the
same destination (the same gamete),
and are not expected to assort
independently
 LINKAGE
Describes the tendency of genes to
be inherited together as a result of
their location on the same
chromosome; measured by percent
recombination between loci.

Linked genes do not assort

independently
Concepts
Recombination is the sorting of alleles
into new combinations.
Inter-chromosomal recombination,
produced by independent assortment,
is the sorting of alleles on different
chromosomes into new combinations.
Intra-chromosomal recombination,
produced by crossing over, is the
sorting of alleles on the same
chromosome into new combinations.
 Notation for Crosses with
Linkage
In analyzing crosses with linked
genes, we must know not only the
genotypes of the individuals crossed,
but also the arrangement of the
genes on the chromosomes
Complete Linkage Compared
with Independent Assortment
 Crossing Over with Linked
Genes
Linkage is rarely completeusually,
there is some crossing over between
linked genes (incomplete linkage),
producing new combinations of traits
Crossing over, which takes place in
prophase I of meiosis, is the
exchange of genetic material
between non-sister chromatids
 Coupling and Repulsion
In crosses for linked genes, the
arrangement of alleles on the
homologous chromosomes is
critically important in determining
the outcome of the cross
 Coupling
Wild-type alleles are found on one
chromosome and mutant alleles are
found on the other
Allelic arrangement in which mutants
are on the same chromosome and
wild-type alleles on the homologue
The cis configuration
Coupling phase (cis)
 Repulsion
Each chromosome contains one wild-
type and one mutant allele
Allelic arrangement in which each
homologue chromosome has mutant
and wild-type allele
The trans configuration
Repulsion phase (trans)
 Calculation of Recombination
Frequency
The percentage of recombinant
progeny produced in a cross is called
the recombination frequency, which
is
calculated as follows:
 Diskusi
Suatu organisme pentahibrid yang mempunyai
genotip Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee. Diketahui bahwa gen B
dan C berangkai tidak sempurna secara
coupling phase pada satu kromosom,
sedangkan gen D dan E berangkai sempurna
secara repulsion phase pada kromosom lainnya.
Adapun gen A tidak berangkai dengan gen-gen
lainnya , pada kromosom yang lain
a) Apabila individu tersebutmembentuk gamet, ada
berapamacamgamet yang dibentuk dan sebutkan
macam-macamgamet tersebut
b) Gambarkan secara jelas kemungkinan-
kemungkinan sinapsis yang terjadi saatmetafase I
(gambar tersebut berupa skema kromosomdengan
gen-gen yang dibawa)
 A two-point test cross to
detect linkage in fruit flies
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
In the 2300 offspring (bottom row) of
an actual cross, about 1909 of the
offspring belong to each of the two
parental classes (83% total), and 391
belong to each of the two
recombinant classes (17% total)
Thus, loci for wing length and body
color are linked on a homologous
chromosome pair
Calculating the frequency of crossing
over
reveals the linear order of linked
genes on a chromosome
Concepts
During a single meiotic division, crossing-
over may occur at several different points
along the length of each homologous
chromosome pair
In general, crossing-over is more likely to
occur between two loci if they lie far apart
on the chromosome and less likely to
occur if they lie close together
A genetic map of the chromosome can be
generated by converting the percentage
of recombination to map units
1% recombination between two loci
equals a distance of 1 map unit
 Result
By convention, 1% recombination
between two loci equals a distance of
1 map unit, so the loci in our
example are 17 map units apart
 Gene Mapping
Gene order (that is, which locus lies
between the other two) is
determined by the percentage of
recombination between each of the
possible pairs
 Gene Mapping
In this hypothetical
example, the
percentage of
recombination
between locus A and
locus B is 5%
(corresponding to 5
map units) and that
between B and C is
3% (3 map units).
There are two
alternatives for the
linear order of these
alleles.
 Predicting the Outcomes of
Crosses with Linked Genes
In cucumbers,
smooth fruit (t) is recessive to warty
fruit (T) and
glossy fruit (d) is recessive to dull fruit
(D)
Geneticists have determined that
these two genes exhibit a
recombination frequency of 16%.
 Predicting the Outcomes of
Crosses with Linked Genes
Suppose we cross a plant
homozygous for warty and dull fruit
with a plant homozygous for smooth
and glossy fruit and then carry out a
testcross by using the F1
What types and proportions of
progeny will result from this
testcross?
 Solution
Four types of gametes will be produced
by the heterozygous parent
two types of non-recombinant gametes ( T D
and t d )
two types of recombinant gametes ( T d and
tD)
The recombination frequency tells us that
16% of the gametes produced by the
heterozygous parent will be recombinants
 Solution
Because there are two types of
recombinant gametes, each should arise
with a frequency of 16% : 2 = 8%
All the other gametes will be
nonrecombinants; so they should arise
with a frequency of 100% - 16% = 84%
Because there are two types of
nonrecombinant gametes, each should
arise with a frequency of 84% : 2 = 42%
 Solution
The progeny of the cross result from
the union of two gametes, producing
four types of progeny
The expected proportion of each type
can be determined by using the
multiplication rule, multiplying
together the probability of each
uniting gamete