Compressible Flow 12batch

Chapter 12: Compressible Flow
Objectives
Appreciate the consequences of

compressibility in gas flows
Understand why a nozzle must have a
diverging section to accelerate a gas to
supersonic speeds
Predict the occurrence of shocks and
calculate property changes across a
shock wave
Understand the effects of friction and
heat transfer on compressible flows
ME33 : Fluid Flow 2 Chapter 12: Compressible Flow
Introduction
Compressible flow is often called as variable density flow. For the
flow of all liquids and for the flow of gases under certain conditions, the
density changes are so small that assumption of constant density
remains valid.
Let us consider a small element of fluid of volume . The pressure
exerted on the element by the neighboring fluid is p . If the pressure is
now increased by an amount dp , the volume of the element will
correspondingly be reduced by the amount d. The compressibility of
the fluid K is thus defined as
1 d
K
dp
d k dp (1)

Introduction.
However, when a gas is compressed, its temperature increases.
Therefore, the above mentioned definition of compressibility is not
complete unless temperature condition is specified. When the
temperature is maintained at a constant level, the isothermal
compressibility is defined as
1 d
KT
dp T
Compressibility is a property of fluids. Liquids have very low value of

compressibility (for ex. compressibility of water is 5 10-10 m2/N at 1 atm
under isothermal condition), while gases have very high compressibility
(for ex. compressibility of air is 10-5 m2/N at 1 atm under isothermal
condition).

Introduction.
If we also consider the fluid motion, we shall appreciate that the flows
are initiated and maintained by changes in pressure on the fluid. It is
also known that high pressure gradient is responsible for high speed
flow. However, for a given pressure gradient dp , the change in
density of a liquid will be much smaller than the change in density
of a gas (as seen in Eq. (1)).
So, for flow of gases, moderate to high pressure gradients lead to

substantial changes in the density. Due to such pressure gradients,
gases flow with high velocity. And high velocity means high Mach
number. Therefore, we can say that Mach number determines the
compressibility. Such flows, where is a variable, are known as
compressible flows.

Introduction.
The proper criterion for a nearly incompressible flow is a small Mach
number,
V
M a 1
a
where V is the flow velocity and a is the speed of sound in the fluid. For
small Mach number, changes in fluid density are small everywhere in the
flow field.
In this chapter we shall treat compressible flows which have Mach

numbers greater than 0.3 and exhibit appreciable density changes. The
Mach number is the most important parameter in compressible
flow analysis. Aerodynamicists make a distinction between different
regions of Mach number.

Introduction.
Categories of flow for external aerodynamics:
Ma < 0.3: incompressible flow; change in density is negligible.

0.3< Ma < 0.8: subsonic flow; density changes are significant but shock
waves do not appear.
0.8< Ma < 1.2: transonic flow; shock waves appear and divide the
subsonic and supersonic regions of the flow. Transonic flow is characterized
by mixed regions of locally subsonic and supersonic flow
1.2 < Ma < 3.0: supersonic flow; flow field everywhere is above acoustic
speed. Shock waves appear and across the shock wave, the streamline
changes direction discontinuously.
3.0< Ma : hypersonic flow; where the temperature, pressure and density of
the flow increase almost explosively across the shock wave.

Introduction.
For internal flow, it is to be studied whether the flow is subsonic ( Ma < 1) or
supersonic (Ma > 1). The effect of change in area on velocity changes in subsonic
and supersonic regime is of considerable interest. By and large, in this chapter we
shall mostly focus our attention to internal flows.
The basic principles in compressible flow are:
Conservation of mass (Continuity equation)

Conservation of momentum(Newtons second law of motion)
Conservation of energy (first law of thermodynamics)
Entropy principle (second law of thermodynamics)
Equation of state

Stagnation Properties
Recall definition of enthalpy
which is the sum of internal

energy u and flow energy P/
For high-speed flows,
enthalpy and kinetic energy
are combined into
stagnation enthalpy h0

Steady adiabatic flow through
duct with no shaft/electrical
work and no change in
elevation and potential energy
Therefore, stagnation enthalpy

remains constant during
steady-flow process

If a fluid were brought to a complete stop (V2 = 0)
Therefore, h0 represents the enthalpy of a fluid when it

is brought to rest adiabatically.
During a stagnation process, kinetic energy is
converted to enthalpy.
Properties at this point are called stagnation
properties (which are identified by subscript 0)

If the process is also reversible,
the stagnation state is called the
isentropic stagnation state.
Stagnation enthalpy is the same
for isentropic and actual
stagnation states
Actual stagnation pressure P0,act is
lower than P0 due to increase in
entropy s as a result of fluid
friction.
Nonetheless, stagnation
processes are often approximated
to be isentropic, and isentropic
properties are referred to as
stagnation properties

For an ideal gas, h = CpT, which allows the h0 to be
rewritten
T0 is the stagnation temperature. It represents the

temperature an ideal gas attains when it is brought to rest
adiabatically.
V2/2Cp corresponds to the temperature rise, and is called the
dynamic temperature
For ideal gas with constant specific heats, stagnation
pressure and density can be expressed as

Speed of Sound and Mach Number
Important parameter in
compressible flow is the speed
of sound.
Speed at which infinitesimally
small pressure wave travels
Consider a duct with a moving
piston
Creates a sonic wave moving to
the right
Fluid to left of wave front
experiences incremental change
in properties
Fluid to right of wave front
maintains original properties

Construct CV that encloses
wave front and moves with it
Mass balance
cancel Neglect
H.O.T.

Energy balance ein = eout
cancel Neglect
cancel
H.O.T.

Using the thermodynamic relation
Combing this with mass and energy

conservation gives dp
c
2

d s
For an ideal gas

In an isentropic process
p
constant
k

p
constant
k
By logarithmic differentiation
dp d
k 0
p
dp d
k
p
Since dp
c
2
and p RT
d
c 2 kRT

Since
R is constant
k is only a function of T
Speed of sound is only
a function of
temperature

Pressure Field Due to a Moving Source
Consider a point source emanating infinitesimal pressure disturbances in a still
fluid, in which the speed of sound is "a". If the point disturbance, is stationary then
the wave fronts are concentric spheres. As shown in Fig. 39.2(a), wave fronts are
present at intervals of t .
Now suppose that source moves to the left at speed U < a. Figure 39.2(b)
shows four locations of the source, 1 to 4, at equal intervals of time , with point 4
being the current location of the source.
At point 1, the source emanated a wave which has spherically expanded to a
radius in an interval of time 3t . During this time the source has moved to the
location 4 at a distance of 3ut from point 1. The figure also shows the locations of
the wave fronts emitted while the source was at points 2 and 3, respectively.
When the source speed is supersonic U > a (Fig. 39.2(c)), the point source is
ahead of the disturbance and an observer in the downstream location is unaware of
the approaching source. The disturbance emitted at different points of time are
enveloped by an imaginary conical surface known as "Mach Cone".

The half angle of the cone , is known as Mach

angle and given by
Fig 39.2 Wave fronts emitted from a point source in a still fluid when the source speed is
(a) U = 0 (still Source) (b) U < a (Subsonic) (c) U > a (Supersonic)

Since the disturbances are confined to the cone, the area within the cone is known as zone of
action and the area outside the cone is zone of silence .
An observer does not feel the effects of the moving source till the Mach Cone covers his
position.

Sonic Boom
The sonic boom associated with the

passage of a supersonic aircraft is the
sound wave resulting from the
degradation and merging of the shock
wave and the expansion wave produced
by the aircraft.

Second important
parameter is the
Mach number Ma
Ratio of fluid velocity
to the speed of sound
Ma < 1 : Subsonic
Ma = 1 : Sonic Flow regimes
Ma > 1 : Supersonic classified in terms of
Ma >> 1 : Hypersonic Ma
Ma 1 : Transonic

One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow
For flow through
nozzles, diffusers, and
turbine blade passages,
flow quantities vary
primarily in the flow
direction
Can be approximated as
1D isentropic flow
Consider example of
Converging-Diverging
Duct

Example 12-3 illustrates
Ma = 1 at the location of the
smallest flow area, called the
throat
Velocity continues to increase
past the throat, and is due to
decrease in density
Area decreases, and then
increases. Known as a
converging - diverging
nozzle. Used to accelerate
gases to supersonic speeds.

Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area
Relationship between V, , and A are complex
Derive relationship using continuity, energy,
speed of sound equations
Continuity
Differentiate and divide by mass flow rate (AV)

Derived relation (on
image at left) is the
differential form of
Bernoullis equation.
Combining this with result
from continuity gives
Using thermodynamic
relations and rearranging

This is an important relationship

For Ma < 1, (1 - Ma2) is positive dA and dP have
the same sign.
Pressure of fluid must increase as the flow area of the duct
increases, and must decrease as the flow area decreases
For Ma > 1, (1 - Ma2) is negative dA and dP have
opposite signs.
Pressure must increase as the flow area decreases, and
must decrease as the area increases

A relationship between dA and dV can be
derived by substituting V = -dP/dV (from the
differential Bernoulli equation)
Since A and V are positive

For subsonic flow (Ma < 1) dA/dV < 0
For supersonic flow (Ma > 1) dA/dV > 0
For sonic flow (Ma = 1) dA/dV = 0

Comparison of flow properties in subsonic and supersonic nozzles and diffusers

Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases
Relations between static properties and stagnation properties in
terms of Ma are useful.
Earlier, it was shown that stagnation temperature for an ideal gas
was
Using definitions, the dynamic temperature term can be expressed

in terms of Ma

Substituting T0/T ratio into P0/P and 0/ relations
Numerical values of T0/T, P0/P and 0/ compiled

in Table A-13 for k=1.4
For Ma = 1, these ratios are called critical
ratios


Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles
Converging or converging-diverging nozzles are
found in many engineering applications
Steam and gas turbines, aircraft and spacecraft
propulsion, industrial blast nozzles, torch nozzles
Here, we will study the effects of back pressure
(pressure at discharge) on the exit velocity,
mass flow rate, and pressure distribution along
the nozzle

Converging Nozzles
State 1: Pb = P0, there is no
flow, and pressure is constant.
State 2: Pb < P0, pressure along
nozzle decreases.
State 3: Pb =P* , flow at exit is
sonic, creating maximum flow
rate called choked flow.
State 4: Pb < P*, there is no
change in flow or pressure
distribution in comparison to
state 3
State 5: Pb =0, same as state 4.
Choked Flow
Consider the mass flow rate of an ideal gas through a converging
nozzle. If the flow is isentropic, we can write

m AV
Where V is flow velocity, A is area, is the density of the field.
This can equivalently be written as

Choked Flow
In the final expression, Po, To,
and R are constant. The
discharge per unit area is a
function of Ma only. There
exists a particular value of Ma
for which it is maximum.
Differentiating with respect to
Ma and equating it to zero, we
get,
(1)

Choked Flow
Hence, discharge is maximum

when Ma = 1.

We know that
By substituting Ma=1 in the above equation, we get dA = 0 or A = constant.
Therefore, Ma=1 can occur only at the throat and nowhere else, and this happens
only when the discharge is maximum. When Ma = 1 , the discharge is maximum
and the nozzle is said to be choked

The properties at the throat are termed as critical properties. By substituting
Ma = 1 in Eq. (40.12), we get
(as we have earlier designated critical or sonic conditions by a superscript

asterisk). Dividing the above Eq. by Eq. (1) we obtain
(2)

From Eq. (2) we see that a choice of Ma gives a unique value of A/A* . The following
figure shows variation of A / A * with Ma. Note that the curve is double valued; that
is, for a given value of A/A* (other than unity), there are two possible values of Mach
number. This signifies the fact that the supersonic nozzle is diverging.
Fig 6: Variation of A/A* with Ma

in isentropic flow for = 1.4

Converging Nozzles
The maximum mass flow rate through a nozzle
with a given throat area A* is fixed by the P0 and
T0 and occurs at Ma = 1
This principal is important for chemical

processes, medical devices, flow meters, and
anywhere the mass flux of a gas must be known
and controlled.

Converging-Diverging Nozzles
The highest velocity in a converging nozzle
is limited to the sonic velocity (Ma = 1),
which occurs at the exit plane (throat) of the
nozzle
Accelerating a fluid to supersonic velocities
(Ma > 1) requires a diverging flow section
Converging-diverging (C-D) nozzle
Standard equipment in supersonic aircraft and
rocket propulsion
Forcing fluid through a C-D nozzle does not
guarantee supersonic velocity
Requires proper back pressure Pb

1. P0 > Pb > Pc
Flow remains subsonic, and
mass flow is less than for
choked flow. Diverging section
acts as diffuser
2. Pb = PC
Sonic flow achieved at throat.
Diverging section acts as
diffuser. Subsonic flow at exit.
Further decrease in Pb has no
effect on flow in converging
portion of nozzle
3. PC > Pb > PE
Fluid is accelerated to supersonic
velocities in the diverging section as
the pressure decreases. However,
acceleration stops at location of
normal shock. Fluid decelerates and
is subsonic at outlet. As Pb is
decreased, shock approaches nozzle
exit.
4. PE > Pb > 0
Flow in diverging section is
supersonic with no shock forming in
the nozzle. Without shock, flow in
nozzle can be treated as isentropic.

Shock Waves
Review
Sound waves are created by small pressure
disturbances and travel at the speed of sound
For some back pressures, abrupt changes in
fluid properties occur in C-D nozzles, creating
a shock wave
Here, we will study the conditions under
which shock waves develop and how they
affect the flow.

Shock Waves
Normal Shocks
Shocks which occur in a plane
normal to the direction of flow
are called normal shock
waves
Flow process through the
shock wave is highly
irreversible and cannot be
approximated as being
isentropic
Develop relationships for flow
properties before and after the
shock using conservation of
mass, momentum, and energy

Shock Waves
Normal Shocks
Conservation of mass
Conservation of energy
Conservation of momentum
Increase in entropy

Shock Waves
Normal Shocks
Equation for an ideal gas with
constant specific heats can be
derived
Using momentum equation
Combining this gives the Mach

number relation

Shock Waves
Oblique Shocks
Not all shocks are
normal to flow
direction.
Some are inclined to
the flow direction, and
are called oblique
shocks

Oblique Shock
An oblique shock wave, unlike a normal shock, is inclined with
respect to the incident upstream flow direction.
It will occur when a supersonic flow encounters a corner that

effectively turns the flow into itself and compresses.

Oblique Shock
The upstream streamlines are uniformly deflected after
the shock wave. The most common way to produce an
oblique shock wave is to place a wedge into supersonic,
compressible flow. Similar to a normal shock wave, the
oblique shock wave consists of a very thin region across
which nearly discontinuous changes in the
thermodynamic properties of a gas occur. While the
upstream and downstream flow directions are
unchanged across a normal shock, they are different for
flow across an oblique shock wave.

Rayleigh flow
Rayleigh flow refers to diabetic flow through a constant
area duct where the effect of heat addition or rejection is
considered. Compressibility effects often come into
consideration, although the Rayleigh flow model certainly
also applies to incompressible flow. For this model, the
duct area remains constant and no mass is added within
the duct. Therefore, unlike Fanno flow, the stagnation
temperature is a variable.

Rayleigh flow

Fanno flow
Fanno flow refers to adiabatic flow through a constant area duct
where the effect of friction is considered.Compressibility effects
often come into consideration, although the Fanno flow model
certainly also applies to incompressible flow. For this model, the
duct area remains constant, the flow is assumed to be steady and
one-dimensional, and no mass is added within the duct. The Fanno
flow model is considered an irreversible process due to viscous
effects. The viscous friction causes the flow properties to change
along the duct. The frictional effect is modeled as a shear stress at
the wall acting on the fluid with uniform properties over any cross
section of the duct.

Fanno flow

Effect of Area Changes on Flow Parameters
Consider the isentropic steady flow of an ideal gas through the nozzle shown below.
Air flows steadily through a varying-cross-sectional-area duct such as a nozzle at a

flow rate of 3 kg/s. The air enters the duct at a low velocity at a pressure of 1500 kPa
and a temperature of 1200 K and it expands in the duct to a pressure of 100 kPa.
The duct is designed so that the flow process is isentropic. Determine the pressure,
temperature, velocity, flow area, speed of sound, and Mach number at each point
along the duct axis that corresponds to a pressure drop of 200 kPa.
Since the inlet velocity is low, the stagnation properties equal the static properties.
To T1 1200 K , Po P1 1500 kPa

58
After the first 200 kPa pressure drop, we have
P (1300kPa ) kJ

RT (0.287 kJ )(11519 3
. K ) kPa
m
kg K
kg
3.932 3
m
59
kg
3
m s104 cm2
A
V (3.9322 kg )(310.77 m ) m2
m3 s
24.55cm2
m2
1000 2
kJ s
C kRT 14
. (0.287 )(11519
. K)
kg K kJ
kg
m
680.33
s
310.77 m
V s 0.457
M
C 680.33 m
s
Now we tabulate the results for the other 200 kPa increments in the pressure until we
reach 100 kPa.
60
Summary of Results for Nozzle Problem
Ste P T
V C A M
p kPa K m/s kg/m3 m/s cm2
0 1500 1200 0 4.3554 694.38 0
1 1300 1151.9 310.77 3.9322 680.33 24.55 0.457

2 1100 1098. 452.15 3.4899 664.28 19.01 0.681
2
3 900 1037. 572.18 3.0239 645.51 17.34 0.886
0
4 792.4 1000. 633.88 2.7611 633.88 17.14 1.000
0
5 700 965.2 786.83 2.5270 622.75 17.28 1.103
6 500 876.7 805.90 1.9871 593.52 18.73 1.358
7 300 757.7 942.69 1.3796 551.75 23.07 1.709
Note that at P = 797.42
8 kPa, M
100 = 1.000,
553.6 and this
1139.62 state471.61
0.6294 is the critical
41.82 state.
2.416
61
Example 17-6
Air leaves the turbine of a turbojet engine and enters a convergent nozzle at 400 K,
871 kPa, with a velocity of 180 m/s. The nozzle has an exit area of 730 cm2.
Determine the mass flow rate through the nozzle for back pressures of 700 kPa, 528
kPa, and 100 kPa, assuming isentropic flow.
The stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure are

2
V
To T
2C P
62
For air k = 1.4 and Table A-32 applies. The critical pressure ratio is P*/Po = 0.528.
The critical pressure for this nozzle is

P * 0.528 Po
0.528(1000 kPa ) 528 kPa
Therefore, for a back pressure of 528 kPa, M = 1 at the nozzle exit and the flow is
choked. For a back pressure of 700 kPa, the nozzle is not choked. The flow rate will
not increase for back pressures below 528 kPa.
63
For the back pressure of 700 kPa,
PB 700 kPa P*
0.700
Po 1000 kPa Po
Thus, PE = PB = 700 kPa. For this pressure ratio Table A-15 gives
M E 0.7324
TE
0.9031
To
TE 0.9031 To 0.9031(4161
. K ) 3758
. K
CE kRTE
m2
1000 2
kJ s
14
. (0.287 )(3758
. K)
kg K kJ
kg
m
388.6
s
m
VE M E CE (0.7324)(388.6 )
s
m
284.6 64
s
PE (700kPa ) kJ
E
RTE (0.287 kJ )(375.8 K ) m3 kPa
kg K
kg
6.4902 3
m
Then

m E AEVE
kg m m2
6.4902 3 ( 730 cm )(284.6 )
2
m s (100 cm) 2
kg
134.8
s
For the back pressure of 528 kPa,
PE 528 kPa P*
0.528
Po 1000 kPa Po
65
This is the critical pressure ratio and ME = 1 and PE = PB = P* = 528 kPa.
TE T *
0.8333
To To
TE 0.8333 To 0.8333(4161
. K ) 346.7 K
And since ME = 1,

VE CE kRTE
m2
1000 2
kJ s
14
. (0.287 )( 346.7 K )
kg K kJ
kg
m
373.2
s
P* (528kPa ) kJ
E
*

RT * (0.287 kJ )(346.7 K ) m3 kPa
kg K
kg
5.3064 3
m
66

m E AEVE
kg m m2
5.3064 3 (730 cm )(373.2 )
2
m s (100 cm) 2
kg
144.6
s
For a back pressure less than the critical pressure, 528 kPa in this case, the nozzle is
choked and the mass flow rate will be the same as that for the critical pressure.
Therefore, at a back pressure of 100 kPa the mass flow rate will be 144.6 kg/s.
Example 17-7
A converging-diverging nozzle has an exit-area-to-throat area ratio of 2. Air enters

this nozzle with a stagnation pressure of 1000 kPa and a stagnation temperature of
500 K. The throat area is 8 cm2. Determine the mass flow rate, exit pressure, exit
temperature, exit Mach number, and exit velocity for the following conditions:
Sonic velocity at the throat, diverging section acting as a nozzle.

Sonic velocity at the throat, diverging section acting as a diffuser.
67
For A/A* = 2, Table A-32 yields two Mach numbers, one > 1 and one < 1.
When the diverging section acts as a supersonic nozzle, we use the value for M > 1.
Then, for AE/A* = 2.0, ME = 2.197, PE/Po = 0.0939, and TE/To = 0.5089,
PE 0.0939 Po 0.0939(1000 kPa ) 93.9 kPa
TE 0.8333 To 0.5089(500 K ) 254.5 K
CE kRTE
m2
1000 2
kJ s
14
. (0.287 )(254.5K )
kg K kJ
kg
m
319.7
s
68
m m
VE M E CE 2.197(319.7 ) 702.5
s s
The mass flow rate can be calculated at any known cross-sectional area where the
properties are known. It normally is best to use the throat conditions. Since the flow
has sonic conditions at the throat, Mt = 1, and
Tt T *
0.8333
To To
Tt 0.8333 To 0.8333(500 K ) 416.6 K

Vt Ct kRTt
m2
1000 2
kJ s
14
. (0.287 )(416.6 K )
kg K kJ
kg
m
409.2
s
Pt P *
0.528
Po Po
Pt 0.528 Po 0.528(1000 kPa ) 528 kPa
69
P* (528kPa ) kJ
t
*

RT * (0.287 kJ )(416.6 K ) m3 kPa
kg K
kg
4.416 3
m

m t AV
t t
kg m m2
4.416 3 (8 cm )(409.2 )
2
m s (100 cm) 2
kg
1446
.
s
When the diverging section acts as a diffuser, we use M < 1. Then, for
AE /A* = 2.0, ME = 0.308, PE /Po = 0.936, and TE /To = 0.9812,
PE 0.0939 Po 0.936(1000 kPa ) 936 kPa

TE 0.8333 To 0.9812(500 K ) 490.6 K
70
CE kRTE
m2
1000 2
kJ s
14
. (0.287 )( 490.6 K )
kg K kJ
kg
m
444.0
s
m m
VE M E CE 0.308(444.0 ) 136.7
s s
Since M = 1 at the throat, the mass flow rate is the same as that in the first part
because the nozzle is choked.
71
Example 17-8
Air flowing with a velocity of 600 m/s, a pressure of 60 kPa, and a temperature of 260
K undergoes a normal shock. Determine the velocity and static and stagnation
conditions after the shock and the entropy change across the shock.
The Mach number before the shock is

r r
V1 V1
M1
C1 kRT1
m
600
s
m2
1000 2
kJ s
1.4(0.287 )(260 K )
kg K kJ
kg
1.856
For M1 = 1.856, Table A-32 gives
P1 T
0.1597, 1 0.5921
Po1 To1 72
For Mx = 1.856, Table A-33 gives the following results.
P2
M 2 0.6045, 3.852, 2 2.4473
P1 1
T2 P P
1.574, o 2 0.7875, o 2 4.931
T1 Po1 P1
From the conservation of mass with A2 = A1.

r r
V2 2 V1 1
r m
r V1 600
V2 s 245.2 m
2 2.4473 s
1
P2
P2 P1 60 kPa (3.852) 231.1 kPa
P1
T2
T2 T1 260 K (1.574) 409.2 K
T1
73
T1 260 K
To1 439.1 K To 2
T1 0.5921

To1
P1 60 kPa
Po1 375.6 kPa
P1 0.1597

P
o1
Po 2
Po 2 Po1 375.6 kPa(0.7875) 295.8 kPa
Po1
The entropy change across the shock is

T2 P2
s2 s1 CP ln R ln
T
1 P1
kJ kJ
s2 s1 1.005 ln 1.574 0.287 ln 3.852
kg K kg K
kJ
0.0688 74
kg K

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Chapter 12: Compressible Flow

Appreciate the consequences of

ME33 : Fluid Flow 3 Chapter 12: Compressible Flow

Compressibility is a property of fluids. Liquids have very low value of

ME33 : Fluid Flow 4 Chapter 12: Compressible Flow

So, for flow of gases, moderate to high pressure gradients lead to

ME33 : Fluid Flow 5 Chapter 12: Compressible Flow

In this chapter we shall treat compressible flows which have Mach

ME33 : Fluid Flow 6 Chapter 12: Compressible Flow

Ma < 0.3: incompressible flow; change in density is negligible.

ME33 : Fluid Flow 7 Chapter 12: Compressible Flow

The basic principles in compressible flow are:

Conservation of mass (Continuity equation)

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which is the sum of internal

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Therefore, stagnation enthalpy

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Therefore, h0 represents the enthalpy of a fluid when it

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T0 is the stagnation temperature. It represents the

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Combing this with mass and energy

For an ideal gas

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The half angle of the cone , is known as Mach

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The sonic boom associated with the

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Differentiate and divide by mass flow rate (AV)

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This is an important relationship

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Since A and V are positive

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Using definitions, the dynamic temperature term can be expressed

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Substituting T0/T ratio into P0/P and 0/ relations

Numerical values of T0/T, P0/P and 0/ compiled

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This can equivalently be written as

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Hence, discharge is maximum

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By substituting Ma=1 in the above equation, we get dA = 0 or A = constant.

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(as we have earlier designated critical or sonic conditions by a superscript