MEE 216 Thermal Engineering

Faculty Details: Class Hours:

M.Natarajan. Mon: 10.05 10.55

M.Tech. (P.hD)
Wed: 08.00 08.50
Room No: GDN - 127 D

Mobile No: 99400 88590

Thu: 11.00 11.50

Mail id:
natrajpad@gmail.com
 Thermal Engineering

Objectives of this course: LTPC2 1 2 4

To enable the students understand the principles, working
and performance of IC engines
To introduce students to the working of compressors, steam
nozzles and various refrigeration and air-conditioning.
To teach students the principles of waste heat recovery and
thermal storage systems
Outcome of this course:
Solve problems on internal combustion engines and prepare heat
balance sheet.
Get an insight of various components and principles of engines,
compressors etc.
Design refrigeration and air-conditioning system for a particular
application.
Demonstrate the knowledge of waste heat recovery and thermal
storage.
 Thermal Engineering

Method of Evaluation:

Internal Assessment Marks : 50 Marks

Quiz 1 5
CAT I 15
Quiz II 5
CAT II 15
Quiz III 5
Assignment 5

Total Marks 50
 Thermal Engineering

Course Content:
Unit I Internal Combustion Engines
Syllabus:
Review of construction and working of two stroke and four stroke
engines - Wankel engines - SI engines, Fuel systems - Simple
carburetor - Various compensation arrangements - Simple
calculations involved in carburetors ignition systems combustion
detonation factors and remedies - Rating of fuels -Type of
combustion chambers - Introduction to multi point and
microprocessor based fuel injection system. CI engines Fuel
injection system - Fuel pump Combustion Knocking - Factors
and remedies - Rating of fuels - Types of combustion chambers -
Cooling and lubrication of IC engines.
 UNIT I INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Unit 1: I.C Engines:

Definition of Engine:
is a device which transforms one form of energy into another
form.
It can converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.

Definition for Heat Engines:

is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into
thermal energy and utilizes this thermal energy to perform
useful work.

Thermal Energy Mechanical Energy = Heat Engine

Internal Combustion Engines
UNIT I INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
 UNIT I INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Classification of Internal combustion Engines

1. Internal Combustion
Engines
(Combustion of fuel
takes place within the
Engine)

2. External Combustion
Engines
(Combustion of Fuel
takes place Outside the
Engine)
 UNIT I INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Classification of Heat Engines:

Heat Engines

Internal External
combustion Engine Combustion Engines

Rotary Reciprocating Reciprocating Rotary

Open Wankel Gasoline Diesel Steam Stirling Steam Closed

Cycle Engine Engines Engines Engines Engines Turbine Cycle
Gas Gas
Turbine Turbine
 UNIT I INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Basic Nomenclature:
1. Cylinder Bore: (D):
is the nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder.
is usually measured in mm
2. Piston Area: (A)
Area of the circle diameter equal to the cylinder bore
is expressed in square centimeters
3. Stroke: (L):
is the nominal distance through which a working piston moves between
two successive reversals of its direction of motion.
is designated by L and is expressed in mm
4. Displacement or Swept Volume: (Vs):
The nominal value swept by the working piston when traveling from
one dead centre to the other.
is expressed in terms of cubic centimeter
Vs = (/4) d2 L = A X L
 UNIT I INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Basic Nomenclature:
5. Clearance Volume: (Vc)
The nominal volume of the combustion chamber above the piston when

it is at the top dead centre.

is designated as Vc and is expressed in Cubic centimeters.
6. Cubic Capacity or Engine Capacity:
The displacement volume of a cylinder multiplied by number of cylinders
in an engine will give the cubic capacity or the engine capacity.
Eg. If there are n cylinders in an engine, then
Cubic capacity = n X Vs
7. Compression Ratio: (r):
it is the ratio of the total cylinder volume when the piston is at the bottom
dead centre, VT, to the clearance volume, VC.
It is designated by the letter r.
r = (VT/ VC) = (Vs+Vc)/Vc = 1+(Vs/Vc)
UNIT I INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

WORKING FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
WORKING FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Ideal P-V diagram of four stroke SI Engines

 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Working of 4 Stroke Petrol Engine: Charge = Air + Fuel Mixture

1. Suction Stroke or Intake Stroke:

Piston displacement = From TDC to BDC
Crank Revolution = First 1800C
Inlet Valve position = Open
Exhaust Valve position = Fully closed
Pressure inside cylinder = Slightly below Atmospheric Pressure
Temperature inside cylinder = Above Atmospheric Temp.
charge Condition = Suction of charge into the cylinder
2. Compression Stroke:
Piston displacement = From BDC to TDC
Crank Revolution = Second 1800C and completes one Revolution
Inlet Valve position = Fully Closed
Exhaust Valve position = Fully closed
Pressure inside cylinder = Moderately high Pressure
Temperature inside cylinder = Moderately high Temp.
Charge Condition = Compression of charge into the cylinder
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
The end of the compression stroke the mixture is ignited with the help of a spark
plug located on the cylinder head.
During the combustion process, the burning of the chemical energy of the fuel
producing the temperature of 20000C.
The pressure at the end of combustion process also increases due to heat release
from the fuel.
3. Expansion Stroke:
Piston Displacement = From TDC to BDC
Crank Revolution = third 1800C
Inlet Valve position = Fully Closed
Exhaust Valve position = Fully Closed
Pressure & Temperature = Decreases
During this stroke only power is produced by the system.
4. Exhaust Stroke:
Piston displacement = From BDC to TDC
Crank Revolution = Completes Two strokes
Inlet Valve Position = Fully Closed
Exhaust Valve = Fully Opened
Pressure & Temperature = Falls to atmospheric level a part of burnt gas
escape.
When the piston stats move from BDC to TDC, it sweeps the burnt gases out from
the cylinder almost at the atmospheric pressure.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Working of 4 stroke Diesel Engine

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Working of 4 Stroke Diesel Engine:

Charge = Air alone

1. Suction Stroke or Intake Stroke:

Piston displacement = From TDC to BDC
Crank Revolution = First 1800C
Inlet Valve position = Open
Exhaust Valve position = Fully closed
Pressure inside cylinder = Slightly below Atmospheric Pressure
Temperature inside cylinder = Above Atmospheric Temp.
Charge Condition = Suction of charge into the cylinder

2. Compression Stroke:
Piston displacement = From BDC to TDC
Crank Revolution = Second 1800C and completes one
Revolution
Inlet Valve position = Fully Closed
Exhaust Valve position = Fully closed
Pressure inside cylinder = Moderately high Pressure
Temperature inside cylinder = Moderately high Temp.
Charge Condition = Compression of charge into the cylinder
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

During the combustion process, the burning of the chemical energy of

the fuel producing the temperature of 18000C.

3. Expansion Stroke:
Piston Displacement = From TDC to BDC
Crank Revolution = third 1800C
Inlet Valve position = Fully Closed
Exhaust Valve position = Fully Closed
Pressure & Temperature = Decreases
During this stroke only power is produced by the system.

4. Exhaust Stroke:
Piston displacement = From BDC to TDC
Crank Revolution = Completes Two strokes
Inlet Valve Position = Fully Closed
Exhaust Valve = Fully Opened
Pressure & Temperature = Falls to atmospheric level a part of burnt
gas escape.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Two stroke petrol Engine
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Introduction: Two stroke Engine:

Discuss the special feature of two stroke engines?
If the two unproductive strokes, the suction and exhaust could be served
by an alternative arrangement, especially without the movement of the
piston then there will be a power stroke for each revolution of the crank
shaft.
Theoretically the power output of the engine can be doubled for the same
speed compared to a four stroke engine.
The Dugald Clark (1878) invented the two-stroke engines.
Summarize the suction and exhaust strokes are compensated in two
stroke Engines?
The filling of charge in chamber process is accomplished by the charge
compressed in crankcase or by a blower.
The induction of the compressed charge moves out the product of
combustion through exhaust ports.
Therefore, no piston strokes are required for these two operations.
Hence, two strokes are sufficient for complete the cycle.
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Working two Stroke Petrol Engine:
Charge: Air + Fuel Mixture
1. Upward Stroke (OR) Compression
Stroke:
Assume piston is at BDC position,

Piston moves from BDC to TDC

First Piston Closes transfer port and then
Piston closes exhaust port.
The charge is already in the cylinder is
compressed.
Due to the upward movement of the
piston, a partial vacuum is created
in the crankcase and the fresh
charge is drawn into the crankcase
through the uncovered inlet port. Upward Stroke (OR)
At the end of this stroke, the piston Compression Stroke
reaches the TDC position.
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Working two Stroke Petrol Engine:

2. Downward Stroke or
Expansion Stroke:
Compressed charge is ignited by spark
produced by spark plug.
The piston is forced by gases and is pushed
down producing useful power.
The inlet port is covered by piston, the charge
is compressed in the crankcase.
Further piston, uncovers the exhaust port and
then transfer port.
The expanded gases escaping through the
exhaust port, fresh charge is already
compressed in the crankcase is forced into
the cylinder through the transfer port
simultaneously.
The charge strikes the deflection of piston
crown, rises to the top of the cylinder and Downward Stroke (OR)
pushes out the most of exhaust gases.
The piston is now at the BDC position.
The cylinder is now completely filled with the
Expansion Stroke
fresh pre-compressed charge.
The cycle is events is repeated.
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Working two Stroke Diesel Engine

Charge: Air alone

Downward Stroke (OR) Expansion

Stroke:

As the piston moves down on the

power stroke, it first uncovers
the exhaust port, and the
cylinder pressure drops to
atmospheric pressure as the
products of combustion come
out of the cylinder.
Further downward movement of the
piston uncovers the transfer
port, and slightly compressed
air enters the engine cylinder
from the crankcase.
Due to reflector on the top of the
piston, the air will move up to
the top of the cylinder and
expels out the remaining
exhaust gases through the
exhaust port.
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Working two Stroke Diesel Engine
2. Upward Stroke or Compression
Stroke:
During this stroke, piston closes the transfer
port and then the exhaust port.
It means the compression of the air starts.
As the piston moves up, the fresh air is drawn
into the crankcase through the open inlet
port
Just before the end of compression stroke, the
fuel is forced under pressure in the form of
fine spray into the engine cylinder through
the nozzle into this hot air.
At this moment, the temperature of the
compressed air is high enough to ignite the
fuel which in turn suddenly increases the
pressure and temperature of the products
of combustion.
Due to increased pressure the piston is pushed
down with the great force.
When the piston is near the BDC it uncovers
exhaust port which permits the gases to
flow out of the cylinder.
During expansion some of the heat energy
produced is transformed into mechanical
work.
This completes the cycle and the engine
cylinder is ready to suck the air once
again.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
WANKEL ENGINES
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Comparison of SI and CI Engines

S. No Description S I Engines C I Engines

1. Basic Cycle Otto Diesel

2. Fuel Gasoline Diesel oil

3. Introduction of fuel Gaseous mixture through Fuel is directly injects

carburettor through injector
Throttle valve control the The quality of charge
4. Load Control
quantity of charge controls by fuel regulation
5. Ignition Requires a spark plug Self ignition system

6. Compression ratio 6 to 10 16 to 20

7. Speed Due to light weight, they are Due to heavy weight, they
high speed engines are low speed engines
8. Method of combustion Homogeneous Hetrogeneous

9. Thermal Efficiency Due to Low CR, Efficiency Due to high CR. Thermal
also low Efficiency also high.
10. Weight Lighter due to lower peak Higher due to higher peak
pressures pressures
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Comparison of Two and Four Stroke Engines
S.No Two Stroke Engines
The cycle completes in one revolution of
1. Crankshaft. One power is obtained in
every revolution of Crankshaft.
Turning moment is uniform and hence
2.
lighter flywheel can be used.
The size of the engine is lighter and more
3.
compact.
Higher rate of wear and tear. Greater
4.
cooling and lubrications are required.
No Valve mechanisms are used. But there
5. are only ports are available regulates by
piston itself.
6. The initial cost of the engine are less.
Volumetric efficiency is low due to lesser
7.
time for induction.
Thermal Efficiency is lower: Part load
8.
efficiency is poor.
Used where low cost, compactness, light
9. weight ie in mopeds, Scooters, Motor
cycles etc.,
Four Stroke Engines
Thermodynamics cycle completes in two
revolution of Crankshaft. One power is
obtained in two revolution of Crankshaft.
Turning moment is not uniform and hence
heavier flywheel can be used.
The size of the engine is heavier and bulkier.
Lower rate of wear and tear. Lesser cooling
and lubrications are required.
Valve mechanisms are used for opening and
closing of inlet and exhaust valves.
The initial cost of the engine are high.
Volumetric efficiency is high due to more
time for induction.
Thermal Efficiency is higher. Part load
efficiency is better.
Used where high efficiency is required. ie in
Buses, Trucks, Tractors, Generators, Power
generation etc.,