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INTRODUCTION
Computer Graphics involves display, manipulation
and storage of pictures and experimental data for
proper visualization using a computer.
Typical graphics system comprises of a host computer
with support of fast processor, large memory, frame
buffer and
Display devices (color monitors),
Input devices (mouse, keyboard, joystick, touch
screen, trackball)
Output devices (LCD panels, laser printers,
color printers. Plotters etc.)
Interfacing devices such as, video I/O, TV
interface etc.
Applications areas
Typical applications areas are
Plotting in business
Plotting in science and technology
GUI
Scientific Visualization
Office automation
Desktop publishing
Web/business/commercial
publishing and advertisements
CAD/CAM design
(VLSI, Construction, Circuits)
Simulation studies Simulators
Cartography Multimedia
Entertainment
(movie, TV Advt., Games etc.)
Virtual reality
Process Monitoring
Digital Image Processing
Education and Training
GUI Graphical User Interface
Typical Components Used:
Menus
Icons
Cursors
Dialog Boxes
Scroll Bars
Buttons
Valuators
Grids
Sketching
3-D Interface
Various utilities and tools available for
web-based design include: Java, XML,
VRML and GIF animators.
Certain compilers, such as, Visual C/C+
+, Visual Basic, Borland C/C++,
Borland Pascal, Turbo C, Turbo
Pascal, Gnu C/C++, Java provide their
own graphical
Some these
libraries, systemsand
API, support arehelp for
device-independent
programming 2- (X11,
OpenGL
D/3-D )
graphics.
device-dependent (Solaris,
HP-AGP ).
Computer Graphics systems could be active or
passive.
In both cases, the input to the system is the
scene description and output is a static or
animated scene to be displayed.
In case of active systems, the user controls
the
display with the help of a GUI, using an input
device.
Computer Graphics is now-a-days, a
significant
component of almost all systems and
applications of computers in every field of
life.
Scan Conversion and Clipping
Drawing of Points, Lines, Markers, Curves,
Circles, Ellipse, Polyline, Polygon. Area filling, fill-
style, fill pattern, clipping algorithms, anti-
aliasing etc.
Curves and Surfaces
Bezier (Bernstein Polynomials) Curves, BSplines,
Cubic-Splines, Quadratic surfaces,
parametric and non-parametric forms, Hermite
Curves etc.
VIDEO DISPLAY DEVICES
Examples of Computer Graphics
Devices:
CRT, EGA/CGA/VGA/SVGA monitors,
plotters, data matrix, laser printers,
Films, flat panel devices, Video
digitizers, scanners, LCD panels,
keyboard, joystick, mouse, touch
screen, track ball, etc.
VIDEO DISPLAY DEVICES
(from SIGGRAPH)
Spaceball
Six degrees of freedom
Does not move, detects strain placed
on the ball by trying to move it.
Input Devices
Digitizers
Used for drawing, painting, or selecting positions
Graphics tablet used to input 2D coordinates by activating a hand cursor or stylus
at given positions on a flat surface
Used to trace contours, select precise coordinate positions
Hand held cursor
Stylus
Electromagnetic
Grid of wires
Electromagnetic pulses send an electrical signal in stylus or cursor
Acoustic
Sound waves to detect stylus position by microphones
Can be 3D.
Image scanners
LCD and FLAT PANEL
DISPLAYS
The display contains two polarizers, aligned
90degree to each other.
With the display in its OFF (or twisted) state,
light entering the display is plane polarized by
the first polarizer.
This polarized light passes through the liquid
crystal sandwich and then through the second
polarizer and is
reflected back to the display.
Turning the pixel ON (by applying and electric
field) causes the crystal to untwist.
Light now passing through the liquid crystal
sandwich is now absorbed by the second
polarizer. The pixel now appears dark.
Input Devices
Image scanners
Used to store images on a computer
Hand held
Flatbed
Drum.
Input Devices
Touch panels
Select objects by the touch of a finger
Optical
Line of infrared light-emitting diodes (LED) along vertical and horizontal edges
Interrupted when panel is touched
Electrical
Two transparent plates of material, one conducting, the other resistive
Touch brings the plates to be in contact with one another, causing a voltage
drop
Measure the voltage drop
Acoustical.
Light pens
Input Devices
Light pens
Pen-shaped device to select screen
positions by detecting lights coming
from points on the CRT screen
Used to capture position of an object
or select menu options.
Input Devices
Voice systems
Speech recognition systems to
recognize voice commands
Used to activate menu options or to
enter data
Uses a dictionary from a particular
user (learning system).
Hard-copy Devices
Hard-copy devices
Plotters
2D moving pen with stationary paper
1D pen and 1D moving paper
Printers
Impact devices
Inked ribbon
Non impact devices
Laser, ink-jet, xerographic, electrostatic,
electrothermal.
Refresh and raster scan
display system
Used in television screens
Unlike DVST and random-scan which
were linedrawing devices, refresh CRT is
a point-plotting device
Raster displays store the display
primitives (lines, characters, shaded
and patterned areas) in a refresh buffer
Refresh buffer (also called frame buffer)
stores the drawing primitives in terms
of points and pixels components
Refresh and raster scan
display system
Entire screen is a matrix of pixels
Each pixel brightness can be controlled
Refresh buffer can be visualized as a set of
horizontal raster lines or a row of individual
pixels
Line cannot be drawn directly from one
point to another
Each point is an addressable point in screen
and memory
This causes the effect of aliasing, jaggies
or staircase effect
Refresh/Frame buffer is also called Bit-
plane
Inexpensive
Scan conversion of output primitives
(lines, rectangles etc.) done by the
CPU. Slow.
As refresh cycle increases, memory
cycles used by the video controller
increases. Memory is less available
to CPU.
Solution: Graphics Display Processor
Graphics Display Processor
Scan conversion, output primitives,
raster operationsCPU
(doublePeripheral
buffering) Devices
Separete frame
buffer
Display System
Processor Memory