A philosophical theory which claims that we can arrive at substantial
knowledge about the nature of the world by pure reasoning,without appeal to any empirical premises. Rationalism holds reason as the absolute foundation for knowledge. A rationalist upholds the following views: (1) A privileging of reason and intuition over sensation and experience, (2) Regarding all or most ideas as innate rather than adventitious, (3) An emphasis on certain rather than merely probable knowledge as the goal of enquiry. Write a short note on descartes
Descartes is a French philosopher, mathematician. He us usually considered as
the founder of modern philosophy. He emphasized the practical character of philosophy. He used mathematics as a model of his philosophical method. In mathematics his most important contribution is the invention of co-ordinate Geometry. However his most important contributions are in Philosophy Descartes is known for his method of doubt, which is famously known as the method of Cartesian Doubt. In order to have a firm basis for his philosophy, he resolves to make himself doubt everything that he can manage to doubt What do you mean by Cartesian dualism Cartesian Dualism: Descartess belief that he can be more certain of the existence of himself as a thinking thing than as a body suggests a division between the mind and the body. The mind is the real self whose body may or may not exist. The mind can outline the body. This sharp separation between . mind and body has come to be known as Cartesian Dualism. Descartes believes that mind and body,although in principle separable, interact, and consequently his view is sometimes also known as interactionism. Gilbert Ryle, a British Philosopher criticized this division of mind body dualism as the Dogma of the Ghost in the machine What was Descartes view of god
One of the ideas I find in myself is the idea of
God. Now, nothing can come from nothing, whatever exists must have a cause for existing (this is a self-evident proposition). Moreover, the cause must be at least as great as the effect, at least there must be as much reality in it as in the effect. That which contains grater reality in itself, the more perfect, cannot be a consequence of, and dependent on, the less perfect. Hence I myself cannot be the causeof the idea of God, for I am a finite, imperfect being, and the idea is the idea of a perfect, infinite being. Hence, the idea must have placed in me by an infinite being, or God, and God must exist. It is also unthinkable that the divine perfections, which I conceive, should have more than one cause, for if these causes were many, they would not be perfect; to be perfect there must be one cause only, one God. God must be self-caused, for if he is the effect of another being, then that being is the effect of another, and so on ad infinitum: we have an infinite regress and never reach any effect. Descartes believes that the idea of God that I have received is from God himself and it is innate. It is like the mark of a workman imprinted on his work, God has imprinted the idea of God in me at the time of creation What is empiricism
In Philosophy the word Empiricism is used
to refer to the theory that all knowledge is derived from experience. It was developed mainly by a number of British Philosophers (hence it isalso called British Empiricism), of whom the most important are Locke, Berkeley and Hume. Empiricism rejects the view that knowledge is based on intuition/deduction or innate ideas.In so far as we have knowledge in the subject, our knowledge is a posteriori, which means dependent upon sense experience. Empiricistsalso deny the implication of the corresponding Innate Concept thesis that we have innate ideas in the subject. Sense experience is our only source of ideas. Write a short note on hume's empiricism Humes view is empiricism: our knowledge has its source in experience It is positivism: our knowledge is limited to the world of phenomena It is agnosticism: we know nothing of ultimate, substances, causes, soul, ego, external world, universe, etc. It is humanism: the human-mental world is the only real subject of our study. What are impressions
Impressionsare our more lively perceptions,
when we hear or see or feel or love or hate or desire or will: that means all our sensations, passions, and emotions as they make their first appearance in the soul (mind). All our thoughts or ideas are copies of such impressions: they are theless lively perceptions, the faint or feeble impressions; of which we are conscious when we reflect on any of the sensations or movements mentioned. Outward impressions, or sensations arisein the soul from unknown causes, while the inward impressions are derived from our ideas: eg.An impression strikes upon the senses and we perceive heat or cold, pleasure or pain. MAXIM 1: Always act in such a way that you will the maxim or determining principle of your action to become a universal law.
MAXIM 2: Act in such a way that you treat
humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end. MAXIM 3: Therefore, every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends What is categorical imperative
TheCategorical Imperative is a universal
and necessary law, a priori, and it is inherent in reason itself. It is present in the commonest man; though he may not be clearly conscious of it, it governshis moral judgments, it is his standard of right and wrong. dasein
Heidegger begins by considering Dasein (a term Heidegger uses to refer to the
human person, Originally from the German: Da means there and sein means being. Hence Dasein means being there) in its average everydayness