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Text Book:
Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications (10th
Edition)
by E. John Finnemore & Joseph B. Franzini
Reference Books:
A textbook of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic
Machines (19th Edition) by R.S. Khurmi
Applied Fluid Mechanics (6th Edition) by Robert L. Mott
Fluid Mechanics by A.K Jain
Marks Distribution
Sessionals - 40 %
Mid Term - 20%
Final Exam - 40%
Properties of Fluids
Fluid
A fluid is defined as:
A substance that continually deforms (flows) under
an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude
of the applied stress.
It is a subset of the phases of matter and includes
liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic
solids.
Fluid Vs Solid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics:
The study of the physics of materials which take the shape of
their container. Or
Branch of Engg. science that studies fluids and forces on them.
Solid Mechanics:
The study of the physics of materials with a defined rest
shape.
Fluid Mechanics can be further subdivided into fluid statics, the
study of fluids at rest, and kinematics, the study of fluids in motion
and fluid dynamics, the study of effect of forces on fluid motion.
In the modern discipline called Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD), computational approach is used to develop solutions to fluid
mechanics problems.
Distinction between a Solid and a Fluid
Solid Fluid
Definite Shape and definite Indefinite Shape and Indefinite
volume. volume & it assumes the shape
Does not flow easily. of the container which it
occupies.
Molecules are closer. Flow Easily.
Attractive forces between the
molecules are large enough to
Molecules are far apart.
retain its shape. Attractive forces between the
An ideal Elastic Solid deform molecules are smaller.
under load and comes back to Intermolecular cohesive forces
original position upon removal of in a fluid are not great enough to
load. hold the various elements of
Plastic Solid does not comes back fluid together. Hence Fluid will
to original position upon removal flow under the action of applied
of load, means permanent stress. The flow will be
deformation takes place. continuous as long as stress is
applied.
Distinction between a Gas and Liquid
SpecificVo lume v 1 /
Important Terms
Specific gravity:
It can be defined in either of two ways:
a. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance
to the density of water at 4C.
b. Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific weight of a
substance to the specific weight of water at 4C.
l l
s liquid
w w
Example 1
The specific wt. of water at ordinary temperature and
pressure is 62.4lb/ft3. The specific gravity of mercury is
13.56. Compute density of water, Specific wt. of mercury,
and density of mercury.
Solution:
1. Density /g
16/9.81 1.631 kg/m 3
2. Specific volume 1/
u 1/1.631 0.613 m 3 /kg
=1.4x10-3 m3/kg
4. Specific Gravity = s =
Specific Weight of Liquid/Specific Weight of Water
= Density of Liquid/Density of Water
s = 713.56/1000 = 0.7136
Example 5
If the specific gravity of petrol is 0.70.Calculate its Density,
Specific Volume and Specific Weight.
Solution:
Given
Specific gravity = s = 0.70
1. Density of Liquid, s x density of water
= 0.70x1000
= 700 kg/m3
2. Specific Volume = 1/
x-3
3. Specific Weight, = 700x9.81 = 6867 N/m3
Compressibility
It is defined as:
Change in Volume due to change in Pressure.
The compressibility of a liquid is inversely proportional to Bulk
Modulus (volume modulus of elasticity).
Bulk modulus of a substance measures resistance of a substance to
uniform compression. dp
Ev
(dv / v)
v
Ev dp
Where; v is the specific volume and p is the pressure. dv
Units: Psi, MPa , As v/dv is a dimensionless ratio, the units of E
and p are identical.
Example 6
At a depth of 8km in the ocean the pressure is 81.8Mpa. Assume
that the specific weight of sea water at the surface is 10.05 kN/m 3
and that the average volume modulus is 2.34 x 10 3 N/m3 for that
pressure range.
(a) What will be the change in specific volume between that at the
surface ant at that depth?
(b) What will be the specific volume at that depth?
(c) What will be the specific weight at that depth?
Solution:
(a ) v1 1 / 1 g / 1
9.81 / 10050 0.000976m 3 / kg
Using Equation :
v 0.000976(81.8 x106 0) /( 2.34 x109 ) p
Ev
-34.1x10 -6
m 3 / kg (v / v)
dv p
v Ev
(b) v 2 v1 v 0.000942 m 3 kg v2 v1
p 2 p1
v1 Ev
Y
Dynamic Viscosity
The fact that the shear stress in the fluid is directly
proportional to the velocity gradient can be stated
mathematically as F U du
A Y dy
where the constant of proportionality (the Greek letter miu)
is called the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. The term absolute
viscosity is sometimes used.
Kinematic Viscosity
The kinematic viscosity is defined as:
Ratio of absolute viscosity to density.
Newtonian Fluid
A Newtonian fluid; where stress is directly
proportional to rate of strain, and (named for Isaac
Newton) is a fluid that flows like water, its stress versus
rate of strain curve is linear and passes through the origin.
The constant of proportionality is known as the viscosity.
A simple equation to describe Newtonian fluid behavior is
du
Where = absolute viscosity/Dynamic viscosity or
dy
simply viscosity
= shear stress
Example 7
Find the kinematic viscosity of liquid in stokes whose specific
gravity is 0.85 and dynamic viscosity is 0.015 poise.
Solution:
Given S = 0.85
= 0.015 poise
= 0.015 x 0.1 Ns/m2 = x-3 Ns/m2
We know that S = density of liquid/density of water
density of liquid = S x density of water
0.85 x 1000kg/m3
Kinematic Viscosity ,
x-3
x -6m2/s = x 10-6 x4cm2/s
= x 10-2 stokes.
Example 8
A space of 1.0inch between two horizontal plane surfaces is
filled with SAE 30 Western lubricating oil at 80F. What
force is required to drag a very thin plate of 4 sq.ft area
through the oil at a velocity of 20 ft/min if the plate is 0.33
in from one surface.
Solution:
u=120-5/6(12-y) 2 du/dy=5/3(12-y)
= du/dy=0.01253xdu/dy
y (in) 0 3 6 9 12
du/dy 20 15 10 5 0