AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY

Psychrometry
Prof. Sanjay Rumde

Basic Concept
Psychrometric Chart
Psychrometric Terms
Processes
What is the working substance in air
conditioning?

Moist airair
Moist : : Mixture
pure substance?
of dry air & moisture.
Dry air : mixture of permanent gases
DryMoisture:
air : pure
water substance
vapour
Water vapour -: saturated
pure substance
or superheated

Moist air : not a pure substance

 Moist air : not a pure substance

Need to develop regular charts to describe

thermodynamic properties of mixture.

Psychrometric charts
Daltons law of partial pressure

Amagat law of partial volumes

What is the composition of dry air?
What are Molecular mass and Gas
constants for dry air & water vapour?

= universal gas constant

= VM
P PV = =nRm
M=R
R8.3143
T
T Kj/kgmole.K
What is dry bulb temperature?
What is wet bulb temperature?
What is dew point temperature?
Dew Point Temperature
What is Humidity ratio or Moisture
content or Mixing ratio?
Humidity ratio or moisture content:
What is Specific humidity?
What is Absolute humidity or water
vapour density ?
What is Degree of saturation ?
Degree of Saturation
= 0.622 Pv/Pt-Pv
Moist air s = 0.622 Ps/Pt-Ps
Ps
= / s
Pv
3 1
T
Saturated Superheated
water vapor in water vapor in
saturated air unsaturated air
What is Relative humidity ?
Correlation :
Relative humidity & Degree of saturation
Enthalpy of moist air
hA = hC = hB

hA = Cpw td + hfgd + Cpv(t td)

hC = Cpw t + hfgt
Ps = hgt
Pv hB = hfg0 + Cpvt
= hg0 + Cpvt
Humid specific heat
Partial pressure of water vapour
What is wet bulb temperature?
 Wet Bulb Temperature
Initially water vapor in moist air sample is at condition A. Partial
pressure of vapor is Pv. Liquid water in wick is at f. Temperature of air,
water vapor and liquid water in wick is t. The saturated vapor is at g.
 Wet Bulb Temperature
When air starts flowing over wet wick part of water evaporates bringing
down the temperature of both water in wick and surrounding air to t1.
The latent heat of evaporation is taken from both water & air. The vapor gets
added to air and the partial pressure of water vapor rises to Pv1. The
conditions of water vapor and liquid water are at 1 and f1 respectively.
Wet Bulb Temperature

The process continues.

Wet Bulb Temperature

The process continues.

 Wet Bulb Temperature
The process continues till it reaches an equilibrium temperature where the
condition of water vapor in the moist air is saturated and the temperature
of liquid water in the wick can not go down further. All latent heat for
evaportion is taken from air alone. The heat is added back to air with water
vapor thus maintaining total heat of air. There is only one unique
temperature at which this can happen and it is Wet Bulb Temperature.
Wet bulb temperature
Wet Bulb Depression
Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature or
Adiabatic saturation temperature
Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature or
Adiabatic saturation temperature
Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature or
Adiabatic saturation temperature
Psychrometric Processes
Psychrometric Processes

Revision of basic calculations

 Specific Humidity or Humidity Ratio,

R = gas constant
PV = mRT P = pressure
PV = nMRT = n T V = volume

T = absolute temperature
PvV
mv P Ra = humidity ratio

RvT
v

ma P
PaV
RaT a Rv Subscripts: v is water
vapor, a is dry air
We know :
Pt = Pv + Pa and Rv = 0.461 kJ/kgK
Ra = 0.2871 kJ/kgK
Pv
0.622
Pt Pv
 Dew Point Temperature, DPT or Td
Degree of Saturation,
DPT: Dew point temperature is the saturation temperature
corresponding to the partial pressure Pv of the water vapour.
Degree of Saturation: It is the ratio of the specific humidity of
the moist air to the specific humidity of saturated air at the
same temperature and pressure.
Pv 1 ps / pt

s Ps 1 pv / pt

Where Ps is the saturation pressure corresponding to the Dry

bulb temperature of the moist air.
 Relative Humidity, RH or
Carriers Equation, Pv
Relative Humidity: It is the ratio of partial pressure of water
vapour to the saturation pressure corresponding to the Dry
bulb temperature of the moist air. = Pv / Ps

Carriers Equation: Pv = Pw (Pt - Pw ).(t tw) x 1.8

[2800-1.3(1.8 t +32)]
All pressures terms in any consistent units. Temp in C
Pv = Partial pressure of water vapour
Pw = Saturation pressure corresponding to WBT
Pt = Barometric pressure or Total pressure
t = DBT, tw = WBT
 Total Heat or Enthalpy of Moist Air

Enthalpy of moist air

h = ha + hv
Where, ha = cpa t & hv = hg0 + cpvt
which assumes a reference state of 0C
h = cpat + (cpvt + hg0)
= 1.005 t + (1.88 t + 2500)

This can be written in the form h = cpt :

h = cpt + hg0 = (1.005+1.88 ) t + 2500
where, cp = Humid specific heat = cpa+ cpv = 1.005+1.88
 Summary
t = DBT, tw = WBT, td = DPT, Pt =Pv + Pa

Pv Pv 1 ps / pt
0.622 ; = / (1+ ) ;
Pt Pv s Ps 1 pv / pt
= Pv / Ps
Carriers Equation: Pv = Pw (Pt - Pw ).(t tw) x 1.8
[2800-1.3(1.8 t +32)]
h = 1.005 t + (1.88 t + 2500)
Pv = Saturation pressure corresponding to DPT
Pw = Saturation pressure corresponding to WBT
Ps = Saturation pressure corresponding to DBT
Pt = Barometric pressure or Total pressure
 Assignment

Obtain the following properties of moist air at 36C DBT and

20C WBT without using psychrometric chart.
i) partial pressure of water vapour
ii) RH
iii) Specific humidity
iv) Air density
v) vapour density
vi) enthalpy of moist air
Assume barometric pressure 1.01325 bar
 Adiabatic mixing
Governing equation
ma1 h1 +
h3m
=h m

Q
a1
ma2
h1m+hmm a2hh2

h2 = ma3 h3
Dry
Energy
air mass
balance
balance
in
in
- m =
out out
m m
a1 + ma2
a3
a3

External heat
 Adiabatic mixing
Energy balance h3 = ma1 h1 + ma2 h2
ma3

Moisture balance 3 = ma1 1 + ma2 2

ma3

Dry air mass balance ma3 = ma1 + ma2

 Fog formation above rivers

Solution is in Psychometric chart

 Fog formation

3 t3
4 t
4
 Fog formation
When a large quantity of cold air is mixed with
warmer air having high relative humidity, there is
possibility of condensation of water vapor. This
condensate floats in air in form of minute water
droplets forming fog.

The theoretical mixture point falls beyond 100%

saturation curve. The actual mixture condition lies
on 100% saturation curve. The additional moisture
condenses.
 Fog formation

Due to condensation the actual moisture content of

mixture 4 is less than the calculated value 3 of
the mixture point. If the mass of condensate floating
in the air is c then we can say, c = 3 - 4.

Correspondingly the actual temperature of mixture

t4 will be more than t3, the calculated mixture point
due to release of latent heat of condensation.
 Sensible heating

Sensible heating or cooling means change of dry

bulb temperature without change in moisture
content.

Q m c p t m (h2 h1 ) m c p (t 2 t1 )
m (1.005 1.88 )(t 2 t1 )
 Sensible heating or Cooling
Sensible heat transfer, Qs = ma (h2 - h1)
Qs = ma Cp(t2 - t1) = ma (1.005 + 1.88 ) (t2-t1)

For Speedy calculations in Industry following formula is used.

(not for academics / examination)
Since is very small in all practical applications, the value of
humid specific heat Cp = (1.005 + 1.88 ) is approximated to
1.0216 kJ/kg d.a.K to simplify calculations.
If volume flow rate of air is given in cmm (cubic meter per
minute), density of standard air is 1.2 kg/m3, humid specific
heat Cp is 1.0216 kJ/kg d.a.K , then sensible heat flow,
.
cmm x 1.2 x 1.0216
= ------------------------- t kJ/sec or kW
60
= 0.0204 (cmm) t kW
 Humidification

Humidification or dehumidification is a process of

adding or removing moisture without change of dry
bulb temperature.

hw Specific enthalpy
of water added to
system
hg Specific enthalpy
of saturated water
vapor
 Humidification

Transfer of moisture, G = ma (2 - 1)
Latent heat transfer, QL = ma hfg0(2 - 1)
= ma x 2500 x (2 - 1)

For Speedy calculations in Industry following formula is

used. (not for academics / examination)
cmm x 1.2 x 2501
= ----------------------- kJ/sec or kW
60
= 50 (cmm) kW
 Total Heat Process

Sensible heat, Qs = ma Cp(t2 - t1) = ma (1.005+1.88) (t2 - t1) kW

Latent heat, QL = ma hfg0(2 - 1) = ma x2500x (2 - 1) kW .
Total heat, Q = ma (h2 - h1) kW.
Total heat, Q = Qs + QL kW .
 Sensible Heat Factor
The ratio of the sensible heat transfer to the total heat
transfer is termed as the sensible heat factor.

QS QS
SHF = ------- = ------
QS + QL Q
Humidification

hw Specific enthalpy
of water added to
system
hg Specific enthalpy
of saturated
water vapor
Dehumidification by Cooling
 Coil Process & Bypass Factor
Air enters the apparatus at condition
1 and leaves at condition 2. The
surface is maintained at S or d.

S Apparatus surface temperature on

saturation curve is termed as ADP
apparatus dew point.

Only a part of air flowing through

coil comes in contact with the coil
surface and attains surface
temperature d. Balance air bypasses
and remains at condition 1. The coil
leaving condition 2 is a mixture
condition of these two.
Bypass air qty
Bypass factor = -------------------
Total air qty
 Bypass Factor
Air enters the apparatus at condition 1 and leaves at condition 2, when
the surface is maintained at S.
During the flow, some particles of air come in contact with the surface
and attain condition S. Balance particles bypass the surface and remain
at condition 1. The leaving condition of air is mixture of air at 1 & S.
This is point 2.
The ratio of amount of air bypassed to the total air flow is termed as
bypass factor. X.
X = (t2 tS) / (t1 tS)
= (2 S) / (1 S)
= (h2 hS) / (h1 hS)
Bypass factor is the function of the physical and operating
characteristics of the conditioning apparatus and represents that
portion of the air which is considered to pass through the conditioning
apparatus completely unaltered.
Air Washer Processes
Air Washer Processes
 Air Washer Processes
ts = surface temp of spray water
t1 = DBT. td = DPT tw = WBT
Process 1-2a: ts > t1: Heating & humidification
Process 1-2b: ts = t1: Humidification
Process 1-2c: tw<ts<t1: Cooling & humidification
Process 1-2d: ts = tww : Adiabatic saturation
Process 1-2e: td<ts<tw: Cooling & humidification
Process 1-2f: ts= td : Cooling
Process 1-2g: ts<td : Cooling & dehumidification
 Air Washer Processes
Energy balance for air washer
a & w = flow rates of dry air & water
tw1 & tw2 = temperature of water in & out of AW
a(h2 h1) = wCpwtw1 [w - a(21)] Cpwtw2
a(h2 h1) = wCpw(tw1tw2) + a(21) Cpwtw2
Neglecting effect of water temperature in the last term,
a(h2 h1) = wCpw(tw1tw2)
a dh = wCpw dtw
For adiabatic saturation process, dh = o, t w1 = tw2
 Air Washer Processes
We can make following conclusions:

1. If the spray water is heated external to air washer, the WBT

of air increases.

2. If the spray water is cooled external to air washer, the WBT

of air decreases.

3. If the spray water is neither heated nor cooled external to air

washer, the WBT of air remains unchanged.
AHU
 Room Sensible Heat Factor: RSHF
In a closed space or room there are various heat loads present such as metabolism of
the occupants, electrical appliances, lighting, heat flow through building structures,
walls, windows, roof etc. These loads can be broadly divided into sensible loads &
latent loads. When conditioned air from air conditioning apparatus is supplied to
the room it must offset these loads and maintain the desired room conditions.
Space or Room total heat = Room Sensible heat + Room Latent heat
The room process line can be obtained by drawing a line from room condition having
slope as RSF.

RSH RSH
RSHF = -------- = ----------------
RTH RSH + RLH
(1.005+1.88) t
RSHF = -----------------------------------
(1.005+1.88) t +2500
 Grand Sensible Heat Factor: GSHF
Some amount of fresh air (outside air) is always required in a closed space or
room. A part of the conditioned air returning from the room is exhausted and
an equal amount of fresh air is added. The mixture of the return air and
outside air then flows through the conditioning apparatus which removes the
total heat from the air and conditions it to the desired supply condition.
Grand total load = Total load on apparatus = Room total loads + Outside air load
GSH = RSH + OASH, GLH = RLH + OALH, GTH = GSH + GLH
The apparatus (cooling coil) process line can be obtained by joining the mixture
condition to the effective surface temperature of the apparatus (ADP).
GSH GSH
GSHF = -------- = ----------------
GTH GSH + GLH
(1.005+1.88) t
GSHF = -----------------------------------
(1.005+1.88) t +2500
Room Condition Lines
Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor: ERSHF
Some amount of fresh air bypasses cooling coil and enters the room unaltered.
The load of this part of the air can be considered as room load. If this load is
added to the room loads it is called effective room load. The room process
line can be obtained by connecting room condition to the ADP. The SFH of
this line is ERSHF.
Effective room sensible heat = Room Sensible heat + Bypass OA sensible heat
Effective room latent heat = Room Latent heat + Bypass OA latent heat
Effective Room Total heat = ERSH + ERLH
ERSH ERSH
ERSHF = ---------- = -------------------
ERTH ERSH + ERTH

(1.005+1.88) t
ERSHF = ---------------------------------
(1.005+1.88) t +2500
RSHF, GSHF & ESHF