DIESEL ENGINE

Obias,Cherry Mae V.
Cruzena, Lone Christiansen F.
 Thediesel engine(also known as
acompression-ignitionorCI engine) is
aninternal combustion enginein which
ignitionof thefuelthat has been injected
into thecombustion chamberis caused by
the high temperature which a gas
achieves when greatly compressed

Diesel engines work by compressing only

the air. This increases the air temperature
inside the cylinder to such a high degree
that it ignites atomized diesel fuel that is
injected into the combustion chamber.
Fuel Supply System in Diesel Engine

Fuel supply system is a seperate system used

to deliver diesel at correct time in correct
quantity, to a diesel engine (orC.Iengine), for
smooth and efficient operation.
The operation of a diesel engine is different
from that of a petrol engine. In a petrol engine,
air-fuel mixture is supplied by a carburetor to
the engine, at the beginning of the suction
stroke. But in a diesel engine, fuel (without air)
is supplied at the end of the compression
stroke, by means of a fuel supply system.
 Components
Fuel supply system in diesel engine is
made of the following components:
Diesel tank or reservoir
Low pressure pump
Filter
Fuel injection pump
Fuel injectors
 1. Diesel tank or reservoir:
Whenever you supply fuel to a diesel
engine vehicle, it is stored in the diesel
tank. Diesel tank temporarily stores diesel
that is to be supplied to the engine.
2. Low pressure pump:
It pumps the diesel at a low pressure to
the fuel injection pump through a filter.
3. Filter:
Before diesel is supplied to an engine, it
must be filtered to remove any unwanted
impurities. Filter is used for this purpose.
 4. Fuel injection pump:
This is the most important component
of the fuel injection system.
Fuel injection pump pressurizes the
fuel to the required level and injects it
correctly at the end of the compression
stroke, during each cycle of operation
of the engine.
5. Fuel injectors:
Injectors are devices used to inject the
fuel to the cylinder. In diesel engine,
when fuel is injected, it is
Working:
Diesel is pumped from the diesel tank
by a low pressure pump. It is passed
through a filter. The filter removes any
unwanted impurities in the diesel.
Filtered diesel is supplied to the inlet
port of the fuel injection pump. The fuel
injection pump automatically
pressurizesthe diesel to the required
level and supplies it to the fuel injector.
 The fuel injector forces the fuel into the
cylinder at the end of the compression
stroke, during each cycle of operation of
the engine.
Fuel injection pump is operated by means
of a cam shaft. CAV fuel injection is the
most common fuel injection pump used in
diesel engines.
Any leak-off diesel from the fuel injection
pump is supplied back into the filter.
 Characteristics of a good fuel
supply system:
A good fuel supply system should be able
to deliver the fuel correctly at the end of
the compression stroke.
It must be able to properly atomize the
fuel.
It must operate smoothly and sharply
during each cycle of operation of the
engine.
It must be able to supply the fuel above
atmospheric pressure.
DIESEL ENGINE STARTING
SYSTEM
 Air Induction Systems
Air Supply Requirements of
Diesels

All internal combustion engines need

an adequate supply of air that is clean,
dry, filtered, fresh, and relatively cool.
 Air Inlet Temperature
Diesel engine performance is optimal when air inlet
temperature to the cylinders is approximately 35 to
38C (95 to 100F).
Air inlet temperature will be increased by the
turbocharger. Air inlet temperature changes
combustion chamber and exhaust temperatures by
a 3:1 ratio.
For example, a 100 degree F (46C) temperature
change will produce as much as 300 F or 150C
exhaust temperature difference. Very low air
temperatures cause poorer fuel vaporization,
longer ignition delay and reduce engine power.
 Factors Affecting Air Intake
Efficiency:
Smoothness of air intake passages.
Degree and number of bends in air
passages.
Size, design (Crossflow Vs Uniflow)
of ports and passages.
Valve timing, lift and duration of
valve opening
 Lack of sufficient airflow to an engine can result in these
conditions:

Low turbocharger or blower boost

pressure
Higher exhaust temperatures
Incomplete combustion
Lower fuel economy
Lack of power
Smoke at the exhaust stack
Increased exhaust emissions
Shorter valve and piston life
Increased lube oil use
 Clean Air
Dirt ingestion into an engine results in
rapid engine wear often referred to as
dusting out.
 Water Content of Air
A room with a relative humidity of 50% at
20C will have more oxygen content than a
room at the same temperature with will
have with 80% relative humidity. (The
chemical law that explains this
observation is Avrogadros Theorem.)
Higher humidity results in lower oxygen
content. Warmer temperatures also are
capable of dissolving more water than
cooler air temperatures.
 Precleaners

Precleaners remove as much as 90%

of dirt and contaminants from the
incoming air often using centrifugal
force.
 Filter Elements
A number of filter media are used to
remove particle contamination from
the air induction system.
While paper-cellulose elements are
the most popular, felt, foam, oil
soaked paper foam, and synthetic
glass fibres (microglass) are also
used.
 Dry Air Cleaners
Paper filters are made from compressed cellulose
fibers. The spaces between these fibers provide
microscopic holes the air must pass through.
As dirty air flows through one by one, these holes
become plugged with dirt and dust particles.
Once a hole becomes plugged, the air must find
an alternate route through the with contamination.
Over servicing of filters should be avoided to
obtain the best filtration since a new filter will pass
more dirt than medium.
It should be noted that the larger holes tend to
plug up faster since greater air volumes will flow
through those channels
Figure 72 A typical arrangement of a heavy-duty
electric
starter on a diesel engine.
 Cooling of engines is achieved by circulating a cooling
liquid around internal passages within the engine. The
cooling liquid is thus heated up and is in turn cooled by a
sea water circulated cooler.
Without adequate cooling certain parts of the engine
which are exposed to very high temperatures, as a result
of burning fuel, would soon fail.
Cooling enables the engine metals to retain their
mechanical properties. The usual coolant used is fresh
water: sea water is not used directly as a coolant
because of its corrosive action.
Lubricating oil is sometimes used for piston cooling since
leaks into the crankcase would not cause problems. As a
result of its lower specific heat however about twice the
quantity of oil compared to water would be required
 A water cooling system for a slow-speed diesel
engine is shown in Figure above. It is divided into
two separate systems: one for cooling the
cylinder jackets, cylinder heads and turbo-
blowers; the other for piston cooling.
The cylinder jacket cooling water after leaving the
engine passes to a sea-water-circulated cooler
and then into the jacket-water circulating pumps.
It is then pumped around the cylinder jackets,
cylinder heads and turbo-blowers.
A header tank allows for expansion and water
make-up in the system. Vents are led from the
engine to the header tank for the release of air
from the cooling water.
 A heater in the circuit facilitates warming of
the engine prior to starting by circulating hot
water.
The piston cooling system employs similar
components, except that a drain tank is used
instead of a header tank and the vents are
then led to high points in the machinery
space. A separate piston cooling system is
used to limit any contamination from piston
cooling glands to the piston cooling system
only.
 Sea water cooling system
The various cooling liquids which circulate the
engine are themselves cooled by sea water.
The usual arrangement uses individual coolers for
lubricating oil, jacket water, and the piston cooling
system, each cooler being circulated by sea water.
Some modern ships use what is known as a 'central
cooling system' with only one large sea-water-
circulated cooler.
This cools a supply of fresh water, which then
circulates to the other Individual coolers. With less
equipment in contact with sea water the corrosion
problems are much reduced in this system.
 Central cooling system

In a central cooling system the sea water circuit is made up

of high and low suctions, usually on either side of the
machinery space, suction strainers and several sea water
pumps.
The sea water is circulated through the central coolers and
then discharged overboard.
A low-temperature and high-temperature circuit exist in the
fresh water system. The fresh water in the high-temperature
circuit circulates the main engine and may, if required, be
used as a heating medium for an evaporator.
The low-temperature circuit circulates the main engine air
coolers, the lubricating oil coolers and all other heat
exchangers. A regulating valve controls the mixing of water
between the high-temperature and low-temperature circuits