Lecture Presentation

Unit 9
AcidBase
Equilibria

Day 2

James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, CT
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Warm Up
1. Orange Juice has a H+ concentration of
5.0 x 10-4 M.
What is the pH?

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Warm Up
1. Orange Juice has a H+ concentration of
5.0 x 10-4 M.
What is the pH?

pH = -log [5.0 x 10-4] = 3.3

This means 10-3.3 = 5.0 x 10-4

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Agenda
Lecture: Acids and Bases
Practice: Acids and Bases

Due Friday: Lab Notebook Set Up (Acid

and Base Titration)

Acids
and
Bases
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Strong Acids
You will recall that the seven strong acids
are ________________________________
___________and ________.
These are, by definition, strong electrolytes and
exist totally as ions in aqueous solution; e.g.,
_________________________

So, for the monoprotic strong acids,

[H3O+] = [acid]

Acids
and
Bases
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Strong Acids
You will recall that the seven strong acids
are
HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4,
HClO3,
and HClO4.
These are, by definition, strong electrolytes and
exist totally as ions in aqueous solution; e.g.,
HA + H2O H3O+ + A
So, for the monoprotic strong acids,
[H3O+] = [acid] Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Strong Bases
Strong bases are the soluble hydroxides,
which are the ________________and
___________________hydroxides (Ca 2+,
Sr2+, and Ba2+).
Again, these substances dissociate
completely in aqueous solution; e.g.,
MOH(aq) M+(aq) + OH(aq) or
M(OH)2(aq) M2+(aq) + 2 OH(aq)

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Strong Bases
Strong bases are the soluble hydroxides,
which are the alkali metal and alkaline earth
metal hydroxides (Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+).

Again, these substances dissociate

completely in aqueous solution; e.g.,
MOH(aq) M+(aq) + OH(aq) or
M(OH)2(aq) M2+(aq) + 2 OH(aq)

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Weak Acids
For a weak acid, the equation for its dissociation is
HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A(aq)
Since it is an equilibrium, there is an equilibrium
constant related to it, called the __________________
_______________ The __________ the
______________ value of Ka, the
________________ __________ is the
acid.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Weak Acids
For a weak acid, the equation for its dissociation is
HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A(aq)
Since it is an equilibrium, there is an equilibrium
constant related to it, called the acid-dissociation
constant, The greater the value
Ka = [H3O+][A] of K , the stronger is
a
[HA] the acid.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Comparing Strong and Weak Acids
What is present in solution for a strong acid
versus a weak acid?
Strong acids _____________dissociate to ions.
Weak acids only _________ dissociate to ions.

Acids
and
Bases
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Comparing Strong and Weak Acids
What is present in solution for a strong acid
versus a weak acid?
Strong acids completely dissociate to ions.
Weak acids only partially dissociate to ions.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from the pH
The pH of a 0.10 M solution of formic acid,
HCOOH, at 25 C is 2.38. Calculate Ka for
formic acid at this temperature.
We know that [H3O+][HCOO]
Ka =
[HCOOH]
To calculate Ka, we need the equilibrium
concentrations of all three things.
We can find [H3O+], which is the same as
[HCOO], from the pH.
_____________________________________
__________________________________ Acids and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from the pH
The pH of a 0.10 M solution of formic acid,
HCOOH, at 25 C is 2.38. Calculate Ka for
formic acid at this temperature.
We know that [H3O+][HCOO]
Ka =
[HCOOH]
To calculate Ka, we need the equilibrium
concentrations of all three things.
We can find [H3O+], which is the same as
[HCOO], from the pH.
[H3O+] = [HCOO] = 102.38 = 4.2 103
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from pH
Now we can set up a table for equilibrium
concentrations.
We know initial HCOOH (_________) and ion
concentrations (_______________);
we found equilibrium ion concentrations
(________________);
so we calculate the change, then the equilibrium
HCOOH concentration.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from pH
Now we can set up a table for equilibrium
concentrations.
We know initial HCOOH (0.10 M) and ion
concentrations (0 M);
we found equilibrium ion concentrations
(4.2 103 M);
so we calculate the change, then the equilibrium
HCOOH concentration.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from pH
Reaction [HCOOH], M [H3O+], M [HCOO], M

Initially

Change

At
equilibrium

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from pH
Reaction [HCOOH], M [H3O+], M [HCOO], M

Initially 0.10 0 0

Change

At 4.2 103 4.2 103

equilibrium

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from pH
Reaction [HCOOH], M [H3O+], M [HCOO], M

Initially 0.10 0 0

Change 4.2 103 +4.2 103 +4.2 103

At 4.2 103 4.2 103

equilibrium

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from pH
Reaction [HCOOH], M [H3O+], M [HCOO], M

Initially 0.10 0 0

Change 4.2 103 +4.2 103 +4.2 103

At 0.10 4.2 103 4.2 103 4.2 103

equilibrium = 0.0958 = 0.10
Acids
and
Bases
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Calculating Ka from pH

This allows us to calculate Ka by putting

in the equilibrium concentrations.

Ka =

= ____________

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from pH

This allows us to calculate Ka by putting

in the equilibrium concentrations.

[4.2 103][4.2 103]

Ka =
[0.10]

= 1.8 104

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from the pH
The pH of a 0.20 M solution of acetic acid,
CH3COOH, at 25 C is 2.52. Calculate Ka for
acetic acid at this temperature.
We know that
[H3O+][CH3COO]
Ka =
[CH3OOH]

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Ka from pH
Reaction [CH3COOH], M [H3O+], M [CH3COO-],
M

Initially

Change

At
equilibrium

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Percent Ionization
[H3O+]eq
Percent ionization = 100
[HA]initial
In this example,
[H3O+]eq = 4.2 103 M From pH = 2.38
[HCOOH]initial = 0.10 M

4.2 103
Percent ionization = 100
0.10
= 4.2% Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculating Percent Ionization
[H3O+]eq
Percent ionization = 100
[HA]initial
In this example,
[H3O+]eq = 4.2 103 M From pH = 2.38
[HCOOH]initial = 0.10 M

4.2 103
Percent ionization = 100
0.10
= 4.2% Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Your turn. By yourself, how would you
attack this problem? When you have done
as much as you can, turn to neighbor and
tell them what you did.
Question: A 0.30 M acid solution
has a pH of 1.85. What is the %
ionization?
a. 21 %
b. 16 %
c. 6.2 %
d. 4.7 % Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 A 0.30 M acid solution has a
pH of 1.85. What is the %
ionization?

a. 21 %
b. 16 %
c. 6.2 %
d. 4.7 %
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Method to Follow to Calculate pH
Using Ka
1) Write the _________________ for the ionization
equilibrium.
2) Write the __________________expression.
3) Set up a table for
____________________Concentration to
determine equilibrium concentrations as a
function of change (x).
4) Substitute equilibrium concentrations into the
equilibrium constant expression and
_________________________________. Acids
(Make assumptions if you can!) and
Bases
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Method to Follow to Calculate pH
Using Given Ka
1) Write the chemical equation for the ionization
equilibrium.
2) Write the equilibrium constant expression.
3) Set up a table for Initial/Change in/Equilibrium
Concentration to determine equilibrium
concentrations as a function of change (x).
4) Substitute equilibrium concentrations into the
equilibrium constant expression and solve for x.
(Make assumptions if you can!)
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Example
Calculate the pH of a 0.30 M solution of
acetic acid, HC2H3O2, at 25 C.
1) HC2H3O2 + H2O H3O+ + C2H3O2
2) Ka = _______________= _________
Reaction CH3COOH H3O+ (M) CH3COO (M)
3) (M)
Initial

Change
Acids
Equilibrium and
Bases
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 Example
Calculate the pH of a 0.30 M solution of acetic
acid, HC2H3O2, at 25 C.
1) HC2H3O2 + H2O H3O+ + C2H3O2
2) Ka = [H3O+][C2H3O2] / [HC2H3O2]= 1.8 X 10-5
Reaction CH3COOH H3O+ (M) CH3COO (M)
3) (M)
Initial 0.30 0 0

Change x +x +x
Acids
Equilibrium 0.30 x x x and
Bases
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 Example (concluded)
4) Ka = [H3O+][C2H3O2] / [HC2H3O2]
= _________________
If we assume that ______________, then
0.30 x becomes ___________.
The problem becomes easier, since we dont
have to use the quadratic formula to solve
it.
Ka = __________= _________,
so x = 2.3 103 Acids
and
Bases
x = [H O+], so pH = log(2.3 103) = _____
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Example (concluded)
4) Ka = [H3O+][C2H3O2] / [HC2H3O2]
= (x)(x) / (0.30 x)
If we assume that x << 0.30, then 0.30 x
becomes 0.30.
The problem becomes easier, since we dont
have to use the quadratic formula to solve
it.
Ka = 1.8 105 = x2 / 0.30,
so x = 2.3 103 Acids
and
Bases
x = [H O+], so pH = log(2.3 103) = 2.64
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Your Turn: Try to solve it by
yourself. After two minutes, turn to
a neighbor and tell them what you
did.
Question: What is the pH of a
0.0200 M aqueous solution of HBr?
a. 1.00
b. 1.70
c. 2.30 Acids
and

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d. 12.30 Bases
 What is the pH of a 0.0200 M
aqueous solution of HBr?
a. 1.00
b. 1.70
c. 2.30
d. 12.30
Acids
and
Bases
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 Again: What is the pH of a
0.0200 M aqueous solution of
HF? The Ka of HF is 6.8
104.
a. 1.70
b. 2.43
c. 3.17
d. 12.30 Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 What is the pH of a 0.0200 M
aqueous solution of HF? The
Ka of HF is 6.8 104.

a. 1.70
b. 2.43
c. 3.17
d. 12.30 Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Strong vs. Weak Acids
Another Comparison
Strong Acid: [H+]eq _____ [HA]init
Weak Acid: [H+]eq _____ [HA]init
This creates a difference in
_______________ and in rates of
chemical reactions.

Acids
and
Bases
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 Strong vs. Weak Acids
Another Comparison
Strong Acid: [H+]eq = [HA]init
Weak Acid: [H+]eq < [HA]init
This creates a difference in conductivity
and in rates of chemical reactions.

Acids
and
Bases
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Polyprotic Acids
Polyprotic acids have _________________proton.
It is always easier to ___________ the first proton
than any successive proton.
If the factor in the Ka values for the first and second
dissociation has a difference of 3 or greater, the pH
generally depends only on the first dissociation.

Acids
and
Bases
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Polyprotic Acids
Polyprotic acids have more than one acidic proton.
It is always easier to remove the first proton than
any successive proton.
If the factor in the Ka values for the first and second
dissociation has a difference of 3 or greater, the pH
generally depends only on the first dissociation.

Acids
and
Bases
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Polyprotic Acids

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Weak Bases
Ammonia, NH3, is a ______________.
Like weak acids, weak bases have an
equilibrium constant called the
_______________________________
Equilibrium calculations work the same
as for acids, using the base dissociation
constant instead.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Weak Bases
Ammonia, NH3, is a weak base.
Like weak acids, weak bases have an
equilibrium constant called the base
dissociation constant.
Equilibrium calculations work the same
as for acids, using the base dissociation
constant instead.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Base Dissociation Constants

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Example
What is the pH of 0.15 M NH3?
1) NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH
2) Kb = [NH4+][OH] / [NH3] = ___________
3) REACTION NH3 (M) NH4+ (M) OH (M)
Initial 0.15 0 0

Change x +x +x

Equilibriu 0.15 x x x
m Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Example
What is the pH of 0.15 M NH3?
1) NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH
2) Kb = [NH4+][OH] / [NH3] = 1.8 105
3) REACTION NH3 (M) NH4+ (M) OH (M)
Initial 0.15 0 0

Change x +x +x

Equilibriu 0.15 x x x
m Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Example (completed)
4) 1.8 10 5 = ______________
If we assume that ____________________.
Then: _________________
and: x = __________

Note: x is the molarity of OH , so log(x) will
be the pOH ___________and [14.00
pOH] is pH ____________

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Example (completed)
4) 1.8 10 5 = x2 / (0.15 x)
If we assume that x << 0.15, 0.15 x =
0.15.
Then: 1.8 105 = x2 / 0.15
and: x = 1.6 103
Note: x is the molarity of OH, so log(x) will
be the pOH (pOH = 2.80) and [14.00
pOH] is pH (pH = 11.20).
Acids
and
Bases
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 What is the pH of a 0.0400 M
aqueous solution of KOH?
a. 12.60
b. 10.30
c. 4.00
d. 1.40
Acids
and
Bases
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 What is the pH of a 0.0400 M
aqueous solution of KOH?
a. 12.60
b. 10.30
c. 4.00
d. 1.40
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Types of Weak Bases
Two main categories
1) Neutral substances with an
Atom that has a nonbonding
pair of electrons that can
accept H+ (like ammonia and
the amines)
2) Anions of weak acids

Acids
and
Bases
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Relationship between Ka and Kb

For a conjugate acidbase pair, Ka and Kb are

related in this way:
Ka Kb = Kw
Therefore, if you know one of them, you can
Acids
calculate the other. and
Bases
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Memorize thisbut only one side

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.