SEMINAR

ON
MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION AND
ITS APPLICATION

Presented By:-
Department of Mechanical
Engineering 14/ME/11-15
GROUP- A
SEMESTER- 5th
 Objective

To develop more efficient and cost-effective small-scale

H2 liquefiers as an alternative to vapour-compression
cycles using Magnetic refrigeration (adiabatic
magnetization)

To understand the Principle and mechanism for

generating cooling effect using the magnet.
 Magnetic
Introduction
refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the
magneto caloric effect. This technique can be used to attain
extremely low temperatures (well below 1 Kelvin), as well as the
ranges used in common refrigerators, depending on the design of
the system.

It is a physical process that exploits the magnetic properties of

certain solid materials to produce refrigeration.

The refrigerant is often a paramagnetic salt, such as cerium

magnesium nitrate.

It gives cooling nearest to absolute zero than any other method

hence it made liquidification of gases easier.

At the same time it does not emit any CFC or HCFC compounds
hence it never affects our environment specially OZONE layer.
 History
Magneto caloric effect was discovered in pure iron in 1881 by
E. Warburg.

DeDebye (1926) & Giauque (1927) proposed a improved

technique of cooling via adiabatic demagnetization
independently.

The cooling technology was first demonstrated experimentally

in 1933 by chemist Nobel Laureate William F.Giauque & his
colleague Dr.D.P. MacDougall for cryogenic purposes.

In 1997,Prof. Karl A. Gscheidner, Jr. by the lowa State

University at Ames Laboratory demonstrated the first near
room temperature proof of concept magnetic refrigerator.
 Magneto Caloric Effect
MCE is a magneto-thermodynamic phenomenon in which a
reversible change in temperature of a suitable material is caused
by exposing the material to changing magnetic field.

All magnets bears a property called Currie effect i.e. If a

temperature of magnet is increased from lower to higher range
at certain temperature magnet looses the magnetic field.

Currie temperature Depends on individual property of each

material.

As Energy input to the magnet is increased the orientation of the

magnetic dipoles in a magnet starts loosing orientation. And vice
a versa at curie temperature as magnet looses energy to the
media it regains the property.
Working Principle
Thermodynamic Cycle
 Details of
Thermodynamic Cycle
Process is similar to gas
compression and expansion
cycle as used in regular
refrigeration cycle

Steps of thermodynamic Cycle

:->

Adiabatic Magnetization

Isomagnetic Enthalpy Transfer

Adiabatic demagnetization

Isomagnetic Entropic Transfer

 Adiabatic Magnetization
Substance placed in insulated environment

Magnetic field +H increased

This causes the magnetic dipoles of the atoms to align

The net result is that total Entropy of the item is not

reduced and item heats up (T + Tad )
 Isomagnetic Enthalpy
Transfer
Added heat removed by a fluid like water or helium (-
Q)

Magnetic Field held constant to prevent the dipoles

from reabsorbing the heat.

After a sufficient cooling Magnetocalric material and

coolant are separated(H=0)
 Adiabatic
Demagnetization
Substance returned to another adiabatic(insulated)
condition

Entropy remains constant

Magnetic field is decreased

Thermal Energy causes the Magnetic moments to

overcome the field and sample cools(adiabatic
temperature change)

Energy transfers from thermal entropy to magnetic

entropy(disorder of the magnetic dipoles)
 Isomagnetic Entropic
Transfer
Material is placed in thermal contact with the
Environment being refrigerated.

Magnetic field held constant to prevent material from

heating back up.

Because the working material is cooler than the

refrigerated environment, heat energy migrates into
the working material (+Q)

Once the refrigerant and refrigerated environment are

in thermal equilibrium, the cycle continuous.
Comparison
 Construction
Components required
for construction :-

Magnets

Hot Heat exchanger

Cold Heat Exchanger

Drive

Magneto caloric
wheel
 Requirements for
Practical Applications
Magnetic Materials

Regenerators

Super Conducting Magnets

Active Magnetic Regenerators

Working Materials
 Working Materials
MCE is an intrinsic property of a magnetic solid

Ease of application and removal of magnetic effect is most

desired property of material

Alloys of gadolinium produce 3 to 4 K per tesla of change in

magnetic field are used for magnetic refrigeration or power
generation purposes.

ferrimagnets, antiferromagnets and spin glass systems are not

suitable for this application.

Gd5(SixGe1 x)4, La(FexSi1 x)13Hx and MnFeP1 xAsx alloys are some
of the most promising substitutes for Gadolinium and its alloys
 Regenerators
Magnetic refrigeration requires excellent heat transfer to and from
the solid magnetic material. Efficient heat transfer requires the large
surface areas offered by porous materials. When these porous solids
are used in refrigerators, they are referred to as Regenerators

Typical regenerator
geometries include:

Tubes
Perforated plates
Wire screens
Particle beds
 Super Conducting
Magnets
Most practical magnetic
refrigerators are based on
superconducting magnets
operating at cryogenic
temperatures (i.e., at -269 C or 4
K)

These devices are electromagnets

that conduct electricity with
essentially no resistive losses.

The superconducting wire most

commonly used is made of a
Niobium-Titanium alloy
 AMR
A regenerator that undergoes cyclic heat transfer
operations and the magneto caloric effect is called an
Active Magnetic Regenerator.

An AMR should be designed to possess the following

attributes:-

High heat transfer rate

High magneto caloric effect
Sufficient structural integrity
Low thermal conduction in the direction of fluid flow
Affordable materials
Ease of manufacture
 Benefits
TECHNICAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC

High Efficiency Competition in Global

Market
Reduced Operating Cost
Low Capital Cost
Compactness
Key Factor to new
Reliability technologies
 Future Applications
At the present stage of the development of magnetic refrigerators
with
permanent magnets, hardly any freezing applications are feasible.

Some of the future applications are:-

Magnetic household refrigeration appliances

Magnetic cooling and air conditioning in buildings and houses

Central cooling system

Refrigeration in medicine

Cooling in food industry and storage

Cooling in transportation

Cooling of electronic equipments

 Advantages
Purchase cost may be high, but running costs are 20% less
than the conventional chillers.

Thus life cycle cost is much less.

Ozone depleting refrigerants are avoided in this system,

hence it more eco-friendly.

Energy conservation and reducing the energy costs are

added advantages.

The efficiency of magnetic refrigeration is 60% to 70% as

compared to Carnot cycle.

Magnetic refrigeration is totally maintenance free &

mechanically simple in construction.
 Disadvantages
As every coin has 2 sides, this technique also posses
some drawbacks to be worked on

The initial investment is more as compared with

conventional refrigeration.

The magneto caloric materials are rare earth materials

hence their availability also adds up an disadvantage in
MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION.
 Conclusion
It is a technology that has proven to be environmentally
safe. Computer models have shown 25% efficiency
improvement over vapor compression Systems.

In order to make the magnetic refrigerator commercially

Viable, scientists need to know how to achieve larger
temperature swings and also permanent magnets which can
produce strong magnetic fields of order 10 tesla.

There are still some thermal and magnetic hysteresis

problems to be Solved for the materials that exhibit the
MCE to become really useful.
Thank You

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