Lectur # 01: Introduction to

Microprocessors &
Microcontrollers
By Prof. Ajit Pal, Dept of Computer Science & Engneering,
2003
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=liRPtvj7bFU&list=PLlrTZ1G_BhimDoi_JrQLQq99JLXSNWr-v
Introduction and course outline
Historical Background
Moores law
Evolution of IC Technology
Evolution tree of uP
Key Features of uP
Typical applications
Educational need
Course outline
Historical Background
1947: Invention of transistor in Bell Labs
1959: Fabriction of several transistors on a single chip
(integrated circuit)
1965: Birth of moores law
1971: Development of first uP (Intel, 4004, CPU-on-a-
chip)
1976: Developtment of first uC (Intel, 8048, computer-
on-a-chip)
Moores Law

Cramming more components onto integrated circuits

Electronics, April 19, 1965.
by 1975, the number of components per integrated circuit
for mnimum cost will be 65,000
32 bits 1965
65 bits 1966
65000 1975
Dynamic RAM
Microprocessor
Evolution

Original image was until 98.

Moores Law
1965: Based on simple observation, Gordon Moore
predicted that the complexity of Ics, for mnimum cost,
woud double every year.
1975: Moore revised his law, stipulating the doubling in
circuit complexity to every 18 months.
1995: Moore compared the actual performance of two
kinds of devices, DRAM and microprocessors, and
observed that both technologies have followed closey
the revised Moores Law.
DRAM Evolution

Original image was 10 (cube) to 10

(nine) transistors. 1kb to 256 Mb
Microprocessors and
microcontrollers
CPU Microprocessor
ALU I
CPU N
REGISTERS
I/O PORTS T
TIMMING E
R
RAM F
A
TIMER / COUNTER
C
CONTROL UNIT E
ROM
SERIAL I/O
Evolution of IC Technology
YEAR TECHNOLOGY # OF DEVICES TYPICAL
PRODUCTS
1947 Invention of 1 -
transistor
1950-1960 Discrete components 1 Junction diodes and
transistors
1961-1965 SSI 10 Planner devices
Logic gates, flip
flops
1966-1970 MSI 100-1000 Counters, MVX1,
Decoders, Address
1971-1979 LSI 1000-20000 8 bit up, RAM, ROM
1980-1984 VLSI 2000 - 50000 16-bit, 32 bit ups
1985 - ULSI > 50000 64 bit uP
Evolution Tree of microporcessors
Embedded Main Branch (General purpose Special purpose
Systems (uc) microprocessors)
4004 (1971) DSP
8096 8008 2920
8051 8080 TMS 320
8045 8085 (1976) uP<xx>720
8086 Comer processor
8088 Intel IXP2XX 750
80286 Switches
80386 Resisters
80486
Pentium
RISC
Itanium
Evolution of uP
Evolution tree consists of three branches:
Main branch comprises uP, starting from 4-bit 4004 to 64-git
Itanium. These processors are typically used to realice general
purpose computers.
Second branch comprises uC like 8048, 8051, 8096, etc.
These pocessors are typicaly used to reaize embedded
systems.
Third branch comprises Special Purpose Processors like DSP
processors, network processors, etc. These are typically used
in specialized appliction such as DSP and Communication
Equipment.
Typical Features
Smaller size (micro)
Lower Cost
Higher reliability
Higher versatility and flexibility
Functionally more powerful
Lower power consumption (CMOS)
Cost Reduction
Applications of uP
General purpose uP:
Use in desktop, pcs, laptops, workstations, servers, supercomputers (32 64
bits)
Embedded systems
Consumer electronics: toys, cameras, camcorders, robots.
Consumer products: washing machines, microwave
Instrumentation: oscilloscope, medical equipment
Process control: data acquisition and control
Communications: telphone sets, answering machines, cordless phones.
Office: fax machines, printers, PABx
Emerging multimdia applications: PBAs, cell phones, teleconfering
Special purpose: DSP processors, switches, routers, instrusion detection
Educational Needs
Hardware designer
Software designer
System Integrator
Course Outline uP
Architecture an organization of uP
Instruction set architecture
Assembly language programming
Interfacing of memory devices
Data transfer techniques
I/O ports
Interfacing of I/O Devices
Building complete uP-Based systems
Course Outline uC
Architecture and organization of uCs
Instruction set of 8051
8051 assembly language programming
Interfacing of external memories
Interfacing of keyboard & led displays
Interfacing of actuators and transducers
Timer/counter operation
Development aids and trouble shooting tech.
Application examples.
Evolution Tree of microprocessors
Embedded Main Branch (General purpose Special purpose
Systems (uc) microprocessors)
4004 (Intel, 1971, PMOS) DSP
8008 (Intel, 1972) 2920 (Interl, 1978)
1973: 8080 (Intel, NMOS), IMP4 y SC/MP de S2811 (AMI, 1979)
National Semiconductors, PPS-4 y PPSD-8 de
Rockwell International, MC6800 de Motorola, F-8
de Fairchild
1975: Z80 (Zilog), 6501 (Motorola) 6502
(Motorola, usado por Apple)
1976: 8048 (Intel), 8085 (1976) DSP-MAC4 (Bell,
6805R2 (Motorola) 1979)
8096 8086 uPD7720 (AT&T,
1980)
8051 (Intel y otros) 8088 TMS 32010 (Texas
Instruments,
1983)