Energy Balances on Non-Reactive

Processes
1. Forms of Energy
2. Energy Balances on Closed Systems
3. Energy Balances on Open Systems at
Steady State
4. Elements of Energy Balance Calculations
5. Changes in Pressure and Temperature
6. Phase Change Operations
 1. Form of Energy
The First Law of Thermodynamics Energy neither
be created nor destroyed
3 components of total energy of a system
1. Kinetic energy (Ek)
Energy due to motion of an object or flowing stream relative to the
surface of the earth.
Unit: Ek (J) or K (J/s)

2. Potential energy (Ep)

Due to position in a gravitational or electromagnetic potential field or
due to height of center of mass of object above a reference height.
Unit: Ep (J) or P (J/s)

3. Internal energy (U)

Sum of rotational, vibrational, and electromagnetic energies of
individual molecules, atoms & subatomic particles moving around in
a body of material or a flowing stream.
 Kinetic Energy
Definition
Energy of a moving object due to its motion

Formula Ek = mu2
Where;
m = Mass (kg/g/Ibm)
u = Uniform velocity (m/s)

Units Joules (J) by an object / (J/s) fluid.

 Potential Energy
Formula
Ep = Mass x Free Fall Acceleration x Height
Ep = mgz
Where;
m = Mass (kg/g/Ibm )
g = Acceleration of gravity(9.81 m/s2)
z = Height above a reference plane
Units Joules (J) by an object / (J/s) fluid.
 Heat & Work
2 forms of energy transfer between a system & its surroundings in
a CLOSED system
Heat, Q
Energy that flows as a result of temperature difference between a system
and its surroundings.
Q as POSITIVE if heat flows to system from surroundings.

+Q (Heat added)
Work, W
Energy that flows in response to any driving force other a temperature
difference, such as a force, a torque or a voltage.
Work is defined as positive when it is done by the system on the
surroundings.
+W (Work Done)

ETOT = EK + EP + U
Energy can be transferred as heat (Q)/work (W)
Energy transfer occur in :

Closed system Open system

No mass is Mass crosses

transferred across system
the system boundaries
boundaries while
the process is Example:
taking place. Semi batch &
continuous
Example: system
Batch process
2. Energy Balances on Closed
Systems
A system is termed open / closed
according to whether or not mass cross
the system boundary.
Closed system: no mass crosses
system boundaries.
Open system: mass crosses system
boundaries.
2. Energy Balances on Closed
Systems
Since energy can neither be created nor
destroyed.
The generation & consumption terms of
the general balance drop out, leaving
Accumulation =
Input Output + Generation Consumption

Accumulation = Input Output

 2. Energy Balances on Closed
Systems
Accumulation = Input Output
Mass balance closed system, we
eliminated the input & output terms.
Accumulation = Final value initial value of
the balanced quantity
However, ENERGY can be transferred
across the boundaries as HEAT/WORK.
Final system energy Initial system energy =
Net energy transferred to the system (in out)
 2. Energy Balances on Closed
Systems
Final system energy Initial system energy =
Net energy transferred to the system (in out)

U Ek E p Q W
Initial System Energy: Ui Eki E pi
Final System Energy: U f Ekf E pf
Energy Transferred: Q W

is used to signify
(Final Initial)
 2. Energy Balances on Closed
Systems
First law thermodynamics for a closed system is
U Ek E p Q W
Simplifying the first law for specific systems:
If No temperature change, no phase changes, no chemical
reaction occur and pressure changes < a few atmospheres,
then U 0
If system is not accelerating, Ek= 0
If system is not rising/falling, Ep = 0
If Tsystem = Tsurroundings or the system is perfectly insulated,
then Q = 0 (adiabatic)
If no moving parts/electrical currents at system boundary
(W = 0)
 2. Energy Balances on Closed
Systems
One important property for energy
balance on closed system is specific
internal energy, (kJ/kmol).
^ symbol is used to denote the specific
property (divided by mass/mole).

U n U Final U Initial , where n = moles

U m U Final U Initial , where m = mass
 2. Energy Balances on Closed
Systems
In CLOSED system,
Q W U Ek E p
The energy balance reduce to
Q W U
Q W U i i
n U
final
i i
n U
initial

Q W U i i
m U
final
i i
m U
initial
 3. Energy Balances on Open
Systems at Steady State
General Energy balance for open system:
W
Q U E k E p
where
U = Internal Energy
Ek= Kinetic Energy
Ep = Potential Energy
Q = Heat
W = Work
is used to signify
(Final-Initial).
 3. Energy Balances on Open
Systems at Steady State
Work appearing in the equation is the combined flow work &
shaft work.

W Ws W fl
Shaft work (Ws)
All other work transmitted across system boundary by
moving parts (pistons, turbines, rotors, propellers,...),
electrical currents, radiation.
Flow work (Wfl)
Also known as PV (pressure & volumetric flow rate) work.
Rate of work done by the fluid at the system outlet minus
the rate of work done on the fluid at the system inlet.
 3. Energy Balances on Open
Systems at Steady State

V In (m /s)3
PROCESS V Out (m /s)
3

Pin (N/m2) UNIT Pout (N/m2)

The net flow work is determined as:

W fl W fl ( Out ) W fl ( In )
The flow work is usually expressed in terms of pressure and
volumetric flow rate:
W fl POutVOut PInVIn
If there is several input and output streams enter and leave the
system, the PV products for each streams must be summed:

W fl POutVOut PInVIn
 Definition of Enthalpy
Thermodynamic Definition of Enthalpy (H):

H U PV
U = Internal energy of the system
P = Pressure of the system
V = Volume of the system
Changes in enthalpy mainly when:
Heating or cooling a solid, liquid or gas.
Phase changes (evaporation,
condensation, freezing, and melting).
 3. Energy Balances on Open
Systems at Steady State
It is known that the sum of Internal Energy, U and Wfl = PV is
equal to enthalpy, H therefore we obtain;
H Out H In H U Out POutVOut U In PInVIn U W fl
The new energy balance equation now becomes
Q W U E k E p
Q W s W fl U E k E p
Q W s (U W fl ) E k E p
Q W s H E k E p
 3. Energy Balances on Open
Systems at Steady State
One important property for energy balance
on open system is specific enthalpy,
(kJ/kmol).
^ symbol is used to denote the specific
property (divided by mass or by mole flow
rate).

H n H Out H In , where n = moles

H Out H In , where m = mass
H m
 3. Energy Balances on Open
Systems at Steady State
Simplifying the first law for specific systems:
W
Q H E E
S k p
If there are no moving parts in the system and no
energy is transferred by electricity/radiation, Ws=0;
If no significant vertical distance separates the inlet
and outlet ports, Ep=0;
If the system is not accelerating, Ek=0;
Then energy balance equation become:

Q H
 3. Energy Balances on Open
Systems at Steady State
In open system,

Q W s H E k E p
The energy balance reduce to
Q H
Q H n i H i n i H i
out in

Q H m
i H i m
i H i
out in
 Energy Balances Equation
In closed (batch) system,Q W U Ek E p
In open (continuous), steady state system,
Q W s H E k E p
where;
U m OutU Out m U In In
output input
streams streams

H m Out H Out m H In In (where H U PV)

output input
streams streams

1 1
E k 2
Out (uOut )2 m
m In (uIn )2 where u (m/s) = velocity
output input 2
streams streams

E p m Out g zOut m In g zIn where z (m) = height

output input
streams streams
 Energy Equation Information
What they say What they mean
Well insulated Q=0
Adiabatic Q=0
Rigid container Volume doesnt change
Wfl = 0
Isochoric Constant volume
Wfl = 0
No mechanical parts, or Ws = 0
no moving parts
Isothermal T = 0, but Q 0
4. Elements of Energy Balance
Calculations
What is a Reference State ?
It is not possible to know the absolute value of
and for pure species at a given state.
However, the change in and corresponding
to a specified changes in state (temperature,
pressure, phase) can be determined.
U U U ref , if U ref 0 U U
Specific internal energy at that state relative to the
reference state.
4. Elements of Energy Balance
Calculations
H2O (liquid, 0.01C, 0.00611 bar) H2O (vapor,
400 C, 10.0 bar), = 2958 kJ/kg
This does not mean that the absolute value of
for water in specified state is 2958 kJ/kg;
remember, we cannot know the absolute value of
.
It means that of water vapor at 400 C & 10.0
bar is 2958 kJ/kg relative to water at the reference
state [H2O (liquid, 0.01C, 0.00611 bar)].
 Example: Reference states and
states properties
The enthalpy changes for CO going from a reference
state of 0C and 1 atm to two other states are
measured with following results.
Determine enthalpy changes of the process.

CO (g, 0oC, 1 atm) CO (g, 100oC, 1 atm)

: 1= 2919 J/mol

CO (g, 0oC, 1 atm) CO (g, 500oC, 1 atm)

: 2= 15060 J/mol
 Example : Reference states and states properties
for CO at (g, 100C, 1 atm) and (g, 500C, 1 atm) cannot be known
absolutely.
Reference State

CO (g, 0oC, 1 atm) CO (g, 100oC, 1 atm): 1= 2919 J/mol

Assign value of specific enthalpy at a reference state, ref = 0. Hence,

1 = 1 ref = 1 0 = 1
100 = 100 0 = 2919 J/mol

Similarly for for CO at (g, 500C, 1 atm)

CO (g, 0oC, 1 atm) CO (g, 500oC, 1 atm): 2= 15060 J/mol

500 = 500 0 = 15060 J/mol

Since the reference state for both conditions is the same, the for CO from
State 1 (g, 100C, 1 atm) and State 2 (g, 500C, 1 atm) can be calculated by
 Reference States
1. If two different physical property tables are used, make sure 1
and 2 are based on the same reference state.
2. If another reference state had been used to generate the specific
enthalpy, , they would have different values but the changes
() still the same. Example :

Note that although the enthalpies values are different based on

the reference state, but would still be the same, 12,141 J/mol.
 Hypothetical Process Path
When a species passes from one state
to another state, both and for the
process are independent on the path
taken from the first state to the second
state.
A path, called hypothetical process path
can be constructed consisting of several
steps based on convenience, as long as
the final state is reached starting from
the initial/reference state. 29
 Hypothetical Process Path
To evaluate changes in enthalpy or internal energy.

3 and depends only on

the state of the species &
not depends on how the
2 species reached its state.

Depend on T, P, & state

of aggregation (solid,
1 liquid, or gas).

30
 Hypothetical Process Path
3 processes that can be used to calculate and
associated with certain process are as following:
1. Changes in P at constant T & state of
aggregation.
2. Changes in T, at constant P & state of
aggregation.
3. Phase changes at constant T & P.

Since is a state property, calculated for the hypothetical

process path which we constructed for convenience is
the same as for the path actually followed by the
process.
The same procedure can be followed to calculate for any
31
process.
 Hypothetical Process Path
Procedures to evaluate and when there is
no table of and are available for that particular
process species.
How:
Need to construct hypothetical process path in order
to simplify the calculations.
Where:
Starting point: Defined your reference state
(Temperature, Pressure and Phase )
End point: The conditions of the stream of
interest (inlets or outlet). 32
 Hypothetical Process Path:
Example 1
Example 1: Calculate for a process in which
solid phenol at 25 oC and 1 atm is converted to a
vapor phenol at 300 oC and 3 atm.
= (solid, 25oC, 1 atm) (vapor, 300oC, 3 atm)

Data not available

Cannot determine directly form enthalpy table.

Hence must use hypothetical process path consist
of several step.
33
 Hypothetical Process Path: Example 1
= (solid, 25oC, 1 atm) (vapor, 300oC, 3 atm)
Check Table B.1: Normal melting points and boiling
points, and standard heats of phase change (Reference: P
= 1 atm; Tm = 42.5C; and Tb = 181.4C)

Changes in T
Changes in P

Changes in Phase

Changes in T
Changes in T
Changes in Phase

H H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 34H 6
Procedure for Energy Balance Calculations
1. Draw and completely label a flow diagram. Do
include T, P & phase (solid, liquid or gas phase).
2. Perform all the required material balance
calculations FIRST.
3. Write the appropriate form of the energy balance
(closed/open system) & delete any of the terms
that are either zero/negligible for the given process
system.
Close System: Q W U Ek E p
W
Open System: Q H E E
S k p
35
Procedure for Energy Balance Calculations
4. Choose a reference state (phase, T, & P) for each
species involved in the process.
. If using enthalpy table, choose the reference
state as stated in the standard table (Table B.8)

. If no table are available, choose either one inlet

or one outlet condition as the reference state so
that at least or can be set to zero.)
36
 Procedure for Energy Balance Calculations
5. Determine specific enthalpies of each stream
component
. Look up the information using tables (e.g
Table B.1, B.2)
. Other components - calculate them
6. Construct inlet-outlet enthalpy table of each
species for close system/open system.
Species with few phases are considered as
separate.

37
Procedure for Energy Balance Calculations
For closed system, construct a table with
columns for initial and final amounts of
each species (mass/moles) and specific
internal energies () relative to the chosen
reference states.
For an open system, construct a table with
columns for inlet and outlet stream
component flow rates (mass/moles) and
specific enthalpies () relative to the
chosen references states.
38
Procedure for Energy Balance Calculations
7. Calculate all required values of or and
insert the values into table.
8. Calculate the overall or for the
system.
Q H n i H i n i H i
out in

Q U niU i niU i
out in

39
Procedure for Energy Balance Calculations
8. Calculate any other term in the energy
balance equation(e.g work, kinetic energy,
or potential energy) (if its applicable to the
particular energy balance).
9. Solve the energy balance, (Find Q).

40
 5. Changes in Pressure (1st)
Changes in P at CONSTANT T & Phase
Ideal Gases
By definition, 0 and 0, (molecules do not interact, so
changing pressure does not change the internal energy and
enthalpy).
Non-Ideal Gases:
and are considerably small when pressure changes is
minimal (< 5 atm). Therefore we can assume = 0 and = 0.
If the pressure changes are large (> 5 atm), then use tables of
thermodynamic properties (E.g. steam tables for water).
Solid & Liquid
Internal energy nearly independent of pressure, therefore
0.H (PV)
VP
41
G
5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase
Sensible heat Heat required/transferred to
raise/lower the temperature of a substance without
change in phase.
The quantity of heat required to produce a
temperature change in a system can be determined
from First Law of Thermodynamics:
For close system Q = U
For open system Q = H
We neglected kinetic and potential energy changes
and work.
Both the specific internal energy and specific enthalpy
42
of substance is strongly dependent on temperature.
 5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase CLOSED SYSTEM
1. For close system, Q = U.
2. It depends STRONGLY on temperature provided the system
volume, V must remain CONSTANT.
3. The U variation with temperature is shown in the following
plot.
4. Curve slope = Heat capacity at
constant volume, Cv.
5. Since the plot is not a straight line,
Cv (slope of the curve) is a
function of temperature.
T2

U Cv (T ) dT
43
T1
5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase CLOSED SYSTEM
T2

U Cv (T ) dT
T1
where Cv = Heat capacity at constant volume

Phase condition:
Ideal gas : Exact
Solid or Liquid: Good approximation
Nonideal gas : Valid only if V is constant
44
 5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase OPEN SYSTEM
1. For open system, Q = H
2. H like U also depends STRONGLY on temperature
provided the system pressure, P must remain CONSTANT.
3. The H variation with temperature is shown in the following
plot.
4. Curve slope = Heat capacity at
constant pressure, Cp.
5. Since the plot is not a straight
line, Cp (slope of the curve) is a
H
function of temperature.
T2
T
H C p (T ) dT
45
T1
 5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase OPEN SYSTEM
T2

H C p (T ) dT
T1
where Cp = Heat capacity at constant pressure

Phase condition:
Ideal gas : Exact
Nonideal gas : Exact only if Pressure is constant
T2
VP C (T )dT
Solid or Liquid : H
T1
p

*

VP
is usually negligible EXCEPT when there is large
46
pressure changes and small temperature changes.
 5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase
HEAT CAPACITY FORMULAS
Heat capacity The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one mole or one gram of a substance by one
degree Celsius without change in phase.
Unit: J / mol.K or cal / g.oC.
Heat capacities are functions of temperature and are expressed
in polynomial form as following:
Cp = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 (Form 1)
Values of coefficient a, b, c, and d are given in Table B.2 of
Appendix B for number of species at 1 atm.
Relationship between Cp and Cv:

Cp = Cv for Liquids and Solids

Cp = Cv + R for Ideal gas 47
5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase
HEAT CAPACITY FORMULAS

48
 5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase
HEAT CAPACITY FORMULAS
How to use Table B.2
Be sure you use the correct functional form
Cp = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 (Form 1)
Temperature units are sometimes K and sometimes
C
Positive exponent in table (for a, b, c, and d)
heading means you use NEGATIVE exponent in
the expression.
E.g., if given in the table heading, a x 103 = 123.0.
49
Therefore use a = 123.0 x 10 . -3
 5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase
HEAT CAPACITY FORMULAS
For open system, we know previously T2

H C p (T ) dT
T1

We know Cp as following (Table B.2): Cp = a + bT + cT2 + dT3

We combine both to obtain:
T2

a bT cT dT dT

kJ
H
2 3

mol T1

2

b 2 2

3

c 3 3 d 4

a T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1
4
4

Be careful when you integrate! (T22 T12)50 (T2 T1)2
 5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase
HEAT CAPACITY FORMULAS
To determine the heat capacity, Cp for a mixture of
gases or liquid, calculate the total enthalpy change
as the sum of the enthalpy changes for pure
components.
(Cp )mix T yiCpi (T)
all mixture
components

where (Cp)mix = Heat capacity of the mixture

yi = Mass or moles fraction of each component
51
Cpi = Heat capacity of each component
 5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase EXAMPLE
Calculate the heat, Q required to bring 150 mol/h of a stream
containing 60% C2H6 (ethane) and 40% C3H8 (propane) by
volume from 0C to 400C. Determine heat capacity for the
mixture as part of the problem solution.

Solution:
For mixture:

(Cp )mix T yiCpi (T)
all mixture
components

52
 5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase EXAMPLE
From Table B:2
For Ethane: Cp = (49.37x10-3) + 13.92x10-5T 5.816x10-8T2 + 7.28x10-12T3
For Propane: Cp = 68.032x10-3 + 22.59x10-5T 13.11x10-8T2 + 31.71x10-12T3
Therefore:
kJ 60 40
(Cp )mix CpC2H6 CpC3H8
mol 100 100
60

100
49.37x10 3
13.92x10 5
T 5.816x10 8 2
T 7.28x10 T
12 3

40

100
68.032x10 3 22.59x10 5 T 13.11x108 T 2 31.71x10 12 T 3

0.05683 17.39x10 5 T 8.734x108 T 2 17.05x10 12 T 3

53
 5. Changes in Temperature (2nd)
Changes in T at CONSTANT P & Phase EXAMPLE
To calculate heat, Q, we know for open system
Q H (kinetic energy, potential energy, and shaft work are neglected)
400 o C
H C p (T ) dT
0o C
400 o C

0.05683 17.39 x10

5
T 8.734 x10 8 T 2 17.05 x10 12 T 3 dT
0oC

17.39 x10 5
0.05683 400 0
2
400 2 0
8.734 x10 8 17.05 x10 12

3
400 0
3
4
400 4 0
34.89 kJ/mol
150mol kJ kJ
Q H nH 34.89 5230 54
h mol h
 6. Phase Change Operations
Phase changes at CONSTANT T & P
1. Latent heat: Specific enthalpy change associated with the phase at
constant temperature and pressure.
2. m (T, P): Heat of fusion (or heat of melting) is the specific enthalpy
difference from SOLID TO LIQUID forms of a species at T and P.
3. v (T, P): Heat of vaporization is the specific enthalpy difference from
LIQUID to VAPOR forms of a species at T and P.

4. From LIQUID TO SOLID, Heat of

solidification is NEGATIVE value of
heat of fusion, m (T, P).
5. From VAPOR TO LIQUID, Heat of
condensation is NEGATIVE value of
heat of vaporization, v (T, P).
6. Tabulated values of these latent heats
for each species55are in Table B.1
 6. Phase Change Operations
Phase changes at CONSTANT T & P
From Table B.1

m (T, P): v (T, P): Heat of

Heat of fusion vaporization at
(or heat of melting) at Tb (boiling temperature)
Tm (melting temperature)
56
Hypothetical Process
Path

57
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)
Acetone (denoted as Ac) is partially condensed out of a
gas stream containing 66.9 mole% acetone vapor and
the balance nitrogen. Process specifications and
material balance calculations lead to the flowchart
shown below. The process operates at steady state.
Calculate the required cooling rate.

58
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

We will follow the procedure given preceding this

example.
1. Perform required material balance calculations.
None are required in this example.

59
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

2. Write and simplify the energy balance.

For this open steady-state system, there are no moving parts in the system &
no energy is transferred by electricity/radiation. No significant vertical distance
separates the inlet & outlet ports. Phase changes & non negligible
temperature changes occur. The energy balance reduces to

Q W s H E k E p Q H n i H i n i H i
out in
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

3. Choose reference states for acetone and

nitrogen.
Table B.8 lists specific enthalpies of nitrogen relative to N2(g, 25C, 1 atm),
which makes this state a convenient choice for nitrogen.
There are no tabulated enthalpy data for acetone in the text, so choose one of
the process stream conditions, Ac(l, 20C, 5 atm), as the reference state for
this species, which will set the corresponding value equal to zero rather
61
than having to calculate it.
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

Similar with reference state

4. Construct an inlet-outlet enthalpy table.

62
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)
5. Calculate all unknown specific enthalpies

1.H a = V (P ) (for liquid)

Change in P
H a 56
2.H b = (C p ) dT Table B.2
H d Change in T
20 Ac ,liquid

Change in T H
3.H c (H v ) Ac Table B.1
b

H c 65
Change in phase
4.H d = (C p ) dT Table B.2
Tb = 56 oC 56 Ac , vapor
(Table B.1)
63
 Energy Balance Calculations (Example)
Change in
Pressure
H a
H d
H b
H c

For Liquid, we have to calculate enthalpy changes for change in Phase

H = V (P ) (for liquid), V specific volume of acetone (L/mol)
a

From table B.1, SG for acetone = 0.791 and MW = 58.08g/mol

3
cm 58.08 g 0.001L L
Therefore V 0. 0734
0.791g mol 1cm3 mol
L 1.01325 10 5
N / m 2
1m 3
1J kJ

H a = 0.0734 1 5 atm

mol atm 1000 L 1N .m 1000 J
H a 0.0297 0.03kJ / mol 64
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

H a
H d
Change in
Temperature
H b
H c

Acetone (l, 20 o C,1atm) Acetone (l, 56o C,1atm)

56
H b = (C p ) dT
20 Ac ,liquid
56
(123 10 3 ) (18.6 10 5 T )dT
20 65
4.68kJ / mol
 Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

H a
H d
Change in
Temperature
H b
H c

Acetone (l, 20o C,1atm) Acetone (l, 56o C,1atm)

56 56
H b = (C p ) dT (123 10 3 ) (18.6 10 5 T )dT 4.68kJ / mol
20 Ac ,liquid 20 66
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

H a
H d
H b
H c
Change in Phase

Acetone (l, 56oC,1atm) Acetone (v, 56oC,1atm)

H =H Table B.1
c v
67
= 30.2kJ/mol
 Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

H a
H d
Change in
Temperature
H b
H c

Acetone (v, 56 o C,1atm) Acetone (v, 65o C,1atm)

65
H d = (C p ) dT
56 Ac , gas
65
(71.96 10 3 ) (20.10 10 5 T ) (12.78 10 8 T 2 ) (34.76 10 12 T 3 )dT
56
68
0.75kJ / mol
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)
5. Calculate all unknown specific enthalpies

Change in P H
a

H d Change in T

Change in T H
b

H c
Change in phase

H 1 H a H b + H c H d
= 0.03 4.68 30.2 0.75 35.6kJ / mol 69
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

3 = for Acetone (l, 20 oC, 5 atm) Acetone (v, 20 oC, 5 atm)

H a Tb = 56 oC
(l, 20 oC, 1 atm) (Table B.1) H e
H b
(l, 56 oC, 1 atm) (v, 56 oC, 1 atm) (v, 20 oC, 1 atm)
H c H d

Try H 3 = H a H b H c H d H e 32.0 kJ/mol

yourself! 70
 Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

From Table B.8 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gases

2 = for N2 (25 oC, 1 atm) N2 (65 oC, 1 atm) = 1.16 kJ/mol
4 = for N2 (25 oC, 1 atm) N2 (20 oC, 5 atm)

20
H 4 = (C p ) dT Table B.2 (pressure change negligible for gas)
25 nitrogen , gas Try
71
= 0.10kJ / mol yourself!
 Energy Balance Calculations (Example)
From Table B.8 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gases
2 = for N2 (25 oC, 1 atm) N2 (65 oC, 1 atm) = 1.16 kJ/mol
4 = for N2 (25 oC, 1 atm) N2 (20 oC, 5 atm)

20
H 4 = (C p ) dT Table B.2 (pressure change negligible for gas)
25 nitrogen , gas Try
72
= 0.10kJ / mol yourself!
 Energy Balance Calculations (Example)
6. Calculate .

H n i H i n i H i
out in

(3.35 mol/s)(32.0 kJ/mol)

[(63.55)(0) (33.1)(0.10) (66.9)(35.7) (33.1)(1.16)] kJ/s
73
103.9 2426.7 2320 kJ/s
Energy Balance Calculations (Example)

6. Calculate kinetic and potential energy changes.

Since there is no shaft work and we are neglecting kinetic & potential energy
changes, there is nothing to do in this step.
7. Solve the energy balance
Q H n i H i n i H i Heat must be transferred from
the condenser at a rate of 2320
out in kW to achieve the required
74
cooling & condensation.
2320kJ/s 2320kW
 Summary:
Procedure: Energy Balance Calculations
Step Notes
Perform material balance calculation

Write appropriate energy balance Simplify negligible terms

Choose reference state (phase, T, P) Depends on available data
for each species
Construct process table with all Known or unknown for all phases
information (with all phases)
Calculate required values for energies
( or ) and insert in table
Calculate U or H e.g . n iU i n iU i
out in

Calculate other terms in energy Terms not neglected

balance
Find unknowns
75
 Summary:
Sensible heat Heat required/transferred to
raise/lower the temperature of a substance without
change in phase.
Latent heat Specific enthalpy change related with the
phase at constant temperature and pressure.
Specific gravity Ratio of the density () of a
substance to the density of a reference (ref) substance
at a specific condition
Specific volume Volume per unit mass of a
substance. Inverse of density. Unit: cm 3/g; m3/kg; ft3/lbm
Cp = Cv for Liquids and Solids
Cp = Cv + R for Ideal gas
76
 Work
Extra note:
Work, W
Energy that flows in response to any driving force other a temperature
difference, such as a force, a torque or a voltage.
Work is defined as positive when it is done by the system on the
surroundings.
+W (Work Done)

The opposite sign rule is sometimes used.

The choice is subjective, as long as it is used
consistently;
However, to avoid confusion when reading
thermodynamic references, you should be sure
which rule has been used.