CGE535

ELECTRICAL AND
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

Munawar Zaman Shahruddin

Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam
munawar_zaman@salam.uitm.edu.my
Tel: 03-5544 8019; 019-249 0416

1
Week 9-10
Chapter 5: Transformers

Transform
!!!

2
 Lesson Outcome

At the end of class, students should be

able to:
Explain the concept of ideal transformers and solve
circuits that include transformers.
Describe the star-delta system, its power generator
and its type.
Apply the equivalent circuits of real transformers to
determine their regulations and power efficiencies.

3
 Transformers

Transformers=layer of core+coiled wire.

4
 Overview

A transformer is a device that converts one AC voltage to another

AC voltage at the same frequency. For home appliances,
transformers are the device that can be used to decrease the
voltage from electrical substation for example.
A transformer can change electrical energy of a given voltage
into electrical energy at a different voltage level.
It consists of two coils arranged in such a way that the magnetic
field surrounding one coil cuts through the other coil.
When an alternating voltage is applied to (across) one coil, the
varying magnetic field set up around that coil induces an
alternating voltage in the other coil.
Transformers will not work with direct current, since no changing5
 TOPIC 1:
PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION
6
CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER

As mentioned earlier, transformers consist of 2 coil

arranged at layered steel core (soft magnet/low
magnetization with high induction capability).
The steel core is insulated to avoid corrosion or any
electrical contact. In addition it will reduce the
power loss as a result of eddy current.
Primary loop/windup is connected to the supply
while secondary loop is connected to the load.

7
CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
Core Type

Shell Type

8
 PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION

The
primary coil of a transformer is supplied by the
voltage source or AC.
When the current flows in a primary coil, the alternating
flux will be produced in a core.
If it can reach secondary coil, it will somehow induce the
emf at the same magnitude with the primary coil.
Therefore, for N1 and N2 numbers of windings/turns in a
primary and secondary coil, several relationship can be
established:
9 Turn
ratio a
STEP UP TRANSFORMERS

Step up Transformer is a transformer that increases

voltage from primary to secondary (more secondary
winding turns than primary winding turns).
In a simple representation:
V2>V1
N2>N1
I2<I1

10
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMERS

On the other hand, Step down Transformer is a

transformer that decreases voltage from primary to
secondary (more primary winding turns than
secondary winding turns).
In a simple representation:
V2<V1
N2<N1
I2>I1

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 EXAMPLE 1

A Secondary Coil of a Transformer has 500

windings. It was supplied with 200 V. How
many windings needed at primary coil to
produce:
100 V
400 V at load.
State the types of the transformers.
12 1000,250
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS
Zero leakage flux:
-Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary currents are
confined within the core
The windings have no resistance:
- Induced voltages equal applied voltages
The core has infinite permeability
- Reluctance of the core is zero
- Negligible current is required to establish magnetic flux
Loss-less magnetic core
- No hysteresis or eddy currents
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REAL TRANSFORMERS: EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
Reactances of
Resistances of
windings
windings
(leakage flux)

Magnetizing Resistance-Current for

Inductance- Core Loss
Currentfinite (Cuprum/Hysteresis/Ed
permeability dy Current)
14
REAL TRANSFORMERS: EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT

From the previous figure, the combination of

R1 and X1 or R2 and X2 will result in Z1 and
Z2. Therefore, there are several relationship
that can be established if the voltage of load
is treated as reference:
E2=V2+I2Z2
V1=E1+I1Z1
I1=I0+I2 15
SIMPLIFICATION OF EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT-PRIMARY REF.

I2/a a2R2 a2X2

aV2

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SIMPLIFICATION OF EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT-SECONDARY REF.

V1=V1/a
I1=aI1
Rc=(1/a)2R
c
Xm=(1/a)2X
m
R1=(1/a)2R
1
17 2X
X1=(1/a)
APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT-
PRIMARY REF.

I2=I2/a
V2=aV2

RS1=R1+R2
XS1=X1+X2

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APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT-
SECONDARY REF.

Ze
I1=aI1
V1=V1/a

RS2=R1+R2
XS2=X1+X2

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 EXAMPLE 2

The following figure shows a one phase transformer 50Hz

720/240. Determine: a) Equivalent circuit
(primary/secondary ref.)
b) Approximate eq. circuit (primary/secondary ref.)
0.15 0.20 0.03 0.08

200
150

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 EXAMPLE 2

a) Eq. circuit: primary ref:

0.15 0.20

I2/a
(720/240)2(0.08)=
0.72
(720/240)2(0.0
3)= 0.27 aV2

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 EXAMPLE 2

a) Eq. circuit: secondary ref:

V1=V1/a
I1=aI1
Rc=(1/a)2Rc=(240/720)2(200)=
22.2
Xm=(1/a)2Xm=(240/720)2(150)
= 16.7
R1=(1/a)2R1=(240/720)2(0.15)
22
= 0.017
 EXAMPLE 2

b) Approximate Eq. Circuit-primary ref:

I2=I2/a
V2=aV2

RS1=R1+R2=0.15+0.27=
0.42
XS1=X1+X2=0.20+0.72=
0.92

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 EXAMPLE 2

b) Approximate Eq. Circuit-secondary ref:

I1=aI1
V1=V1/a

RS2=R1+R2=0.017+0.03=0.
047
XS2=X1+X2=0.022+0.08=0.
102
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END OF TOPIC 1

25
 TOPIC 2:
EFFICIENCY

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 EFFICIENCY

Transformers
Efficiency can be defined as
output power divided by input power
whereby the unit of those should be the
same (watt)

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 EFFICIENCY

Transformers have relatively high efficiency

(around 95-98%) due to the low value of
loss.
There are several loss that may affect the
transformers efficiency:
Loss in winding
Loss in core

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 EFFICIENCY

TRANSFORM
ERS LOSS

Loss in Loss in core

Loss as a result of
winding magnetization effect.
Hysteresi
Once de-magnetization
occur, it require a portion
s
of energy to remove the
effect of a magnetization Loss as a result from the
Loss as a result from the
in a reverse direction. nature of Eddy
core that also
Copper
resistance in the copper
This will result in higher act as a conductor thus
winding;
Loss temperature in
Current
Pc=I2R induce the current in
transformer core. the core it self.
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 EFFICIENCY

Since the losses in the transformers have

been taken into account, the efficiency of the
transformers can be termed as follows:

Whereby transformers losses = copper loss + core

losses

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 EXAMPLE 3

A transformer has an output power of 500w.

It also has core losses and copper loss of
10W. Determine the input power and
efficiency of the transformer.

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 EXAMPLE 3

Input power=output
power+losses=500+10=510W
Efficiencies=(output/input power)x100%
=(500/510)x100%=98%

32
END OF TOPIC 2

33
TOPIC 3: VOLTAGE
REGULATIONS

34
VOLTAGE REGULATIONS

The voltage regulation of a transformer is defined

as the variation of the secondary voltage between
no load and full load.
It is expressed as either a per-unit or a percentage
of the no-load voltage.
The primary voltage being assumed constant.
The importance of voltage regulation: to maintain
the stability of the transformer.

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VOLTAGE REGULATIONS

(perunit)

(%)

36
VOLTAGE REGULATIONS

Power factor
lagging (vice-
versa for
leading)

37
 EXAMPLE 4

A 100 kVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary and

80 turns on the secondary. The primary and secondary
resistances are 0.3 and 0.01 respectively, and the
corresponding leakage reactances are 1.1 and 0.035
respectively. The supply voltage is 2200V. Calculate:
a) The equivalent impedance referred to the primary circuit.
b) The voltage regulation and the secondary terminal voltage
for full load having a power factor i) 0.8 lagging ii) 0.8
leading.

38
 EXAMPLE 4

a) The equivalent impedance referred to the

primary circuit.
Re=R1+R2=R1+a2R2= 0.3+(400/80)2(0.01)=0.55
Xe=X1+X2=X1+a2X2=1.1+(5)2(0.035)=1.98
Ze=(0.55)2+(1.98)2=2.05

39
 EXAMPLE 4

b) The voltage regulation and the secondary terminal

voltage for full load having a power factor i) 0.8 lagging ii)
0.8 leading.
i) PF 0.8 lagging, cos 2=0.8, sin 2=0.6;
Papp= I1V1=100000 VA and V1=2200
I1 = 100000/2200=45.45 A
Voltage regulation =
= 0.0336 per unit/3.36%

40
 EXAMPLE 4

Secondary terminal voltage on no load

N1/N2=V1/V2
V2=V1 x N2/N1 = 2200 x (80/400) = 440 V
Since Voltage regulation = 0.0336 = (no-load voltage-
full-load voltage)/(no-load voltage)
So, full-load voltage = 440 - (0.0336x440) = 425 V

41
 EXAMPLE 4

ii) PF 0.8 leading, cos 2=0.8, sin 2=0.6;

Voltage regulation =
= -0.0154 per unit/-1.54%
Since Voltage regulation = -0.0154 = (no-load
voltage-full-load voltage)/(no-load voltage)
So, full-load voltage = 440 - (-0.0154x440) = 447 V

42
END OF TOPIC 3

43
TOPIC 4: 3-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS

44
 3-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS

The transformers may be inherently 3-phase,

having three primary windings and three
secondary windings mounted on a 3-legged
core or even 5 to reduce the dimension and
ease the transportation.
The same result can be achieved by using three
single-phase transformers connected together to
form a 3-phase transformer bank.
45
 3-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS

3-legged core & 5-legged core

46
 3-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS

Transformer Bank

47
 3-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS

The primary (input) side of a three-phase

transformer can be connected in a wye or
delta configuration.
The secondary (output) side of a three-phase
transformer can also be connected in a wye
or delta configuration.

48
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
CONNECTION

Wye-Wye
Delta-Delta
Wye-Delta
Delta-Wye

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WYE-WYE CONNECTION

50
DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION

51
WYE-DELTA CONNECTION

52
DELTA-WYE CONNECTION

53
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINE-
PHASE VOLTAGE-CURRENT

54
 EXAMPLE 5

Three single-phase transformers are connected in delta-

delta to step down a line voltage of 138 kV to 4160 V to
supply power to a manufacturing plant. The plant draws
21MW at a lagging power factor of 86%. Assumed that the
transformers are ideal transformers.
Calculate:
a) The apparent power drawn by the plant
b) The apparent power furnished by the HV line
c) The current in the HV lines
d) The current in the LV lines
e) The currents in the primary and secondary windings of
each transformer 55
 EXAMPLE 5

a) The apparent power drawn by the plant is:

Papp=Ptrue/cos = 21 MW/0.86 = 24.4 MVA
b) Since the transformers are assumed as ideal transformers,
apparent power is equal to the apparent power drawn by the plant:
24.4 MVA
c) The current in HV line:

So, Papp =3VLIL

IL = (24.4 x 106) /(3)(138 x 103)= 102 A

56
 EXAMPLE 5
d) The current in LV lines:
IL = (24.4 x 106) /(3)(4160)= 3386 A

e) The currents in the primary and secondary windings of each

transformer:

VL for primary = Vph for primary = 138 kV

Iph=IL/3=102/3=58.9 A

VL for secondary = Vph for secondary = V/a =4160 V

Iph=IL/ 3 = 3386/3=1955 A

f) Since they are sharing the load equally so the load = 24.4 MVA/3 =
57
 EXAMPLE 6

Three single-phase step-up transformers rated at 40

MVA 13.2kV/80 kV are connected in delta-wye on
13.2 kV transmission line. If they feed a 90 MVA load,
calculate the following:

a) The secondary line voltage

b) The currents in the transformers windings
c) The incoming and outgoing transmission line current

58
 EXAMPLE 6
a) The primary line voltage, VL1 = 13.2 kV
Primary Vph = VL1 = 13.2 kV
Vph1/Vph2=13.2/80
So, Vph2=80/13.2 x 13.2 = 80 V
VL2=Vph2 x 3 = 80 x 3 = 138.56 kV

b) The currents in the transformers windings

P = VphIph = 30 MVA
For primary: Iph = (30 x 106)/(13.2 x 103) = 2273 A
For secondary Iph = (30 x 106)/(80 x 103) = 375 A

c) For primary IL = 22733 = 3937 A

For secondary IL = Iph = 375 A
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 HARMONICS

Harmonics are voltages or currents that

operate at frequencies that are multiples of
the fundamental power frequency. The
fundamental frequency is usually 50 or 60
Hz.
Many power supplies for computers and
office machines use pulse-width modulation.
This can contribute to harmonic and power
60
quality problems.
HARMONICS

Sine wave distortion

caused by
harmonics.

61
THE WAY TO PREVENT HARMONICS

62
END OF TOPIC 5

63
 TOPIC 6:
AUTOTRANSFORM
ER
64
65 SOURCES: http://electrical-info.com/auto-
transformer/
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

Auto transformers are a special type, since

they have no electrical isolation between the
primary and secondary windings. A single
continuous winding is wound on a laminated
iron core, where part of the winding is used
as the primary, whilst the other part is used
as the secondary, as shown below.

66
AUTO TRANSFORMER

67
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

These transformers can be used

to either step-up or step-down the
applied voltage, depending on the
winding configuration.

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 AUTO TRANSFORMER

In a step-down device, the whole of the winding

serves as the primary winding, whilst the lower
half of the winding serves as the secondary
winding. In this case, there are fewer turns in the
secondary than in the primary: so the voltage is
stepped-down, but the current is stepped-up. This
configuration is typically used to power aircraft
instruments where the voltage is stepped down
from 115 V 400 Hz to 2669VAC.
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

The disadvantage of this format is that the

full voltage is placed across the load if the
coil goes open circuit, since there is no
voltage isolation between the two windings.

70
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

Conversely, in a step-up auto transformer, the

lower half of the coil is used as the primary, and
the entire coil is used as the secondary. In this
case, the secondary has more turns than the
primary, so the transformer steps-up the voltage
and steps-down the current. On aircraft, this
arrangement is typically used in windshield anti-
icing systems.
71
 AUTO TRANSFORMER

If the output from the auto transformer can be

varied via a moveable tapping, as shown below, it
is also known as a variac and is typically used on
the flight deck to control the intensity of ultra-
violet lighting.

72
 Conclusion

Concept of ideal transformers?

Star-delta system, its power generator and its
type?
Equivalent circuits of real transformers?
Voltage regulation?
Efficiencies?
3-phase transformers
Autotransformers? 73
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