4,897

Total number of persons killed since july 1

1,896
Suspected drug personalities killed as of november 17

3,001
Victims of extrajudicial killings as of october 23
22 kg
shabu
P110 million
Guadalupe, makati
88,000 deaths
alcohol

1 out 10 adults
21-45 years old
AlaK
droga
Pharmaceuticals

beverages
 L
C A
T I
U
CE
A G
M IN
R G
A A
PH CK
PA
PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING
Packaging is defined as a technique which allows containment of
pharmaceutical product from the time of production in a unit till its
use. Role of pharmaceutical packaging is to provide life-saving
drugs, surgical devices, blood and blood products, nutraceuticals,
powders, poultices, liquid and dosage forms, solid and semisolid
dosage forms. Packaging of pharmaceuticals essentially provides
containment, drug safety, identity, convenience of handling and
delivery.
CATEGORIES OF PHARMACEUTICAL
PACKAGING
Primary Packaging:This is the first packaging envelope which is in
touch with the dosage form or equipment. The packaging needs to
be such that there is no interaction with the drug and will provide
proper containment of pharmaceuticals. Examples: blister packages,
strip packages

Secondary Packaging:This is consecutive covering or package which

stores pharmaceuticals packages in it for their grouping. Examples:
cartons, boxes

Tertiary packaging:This is to provide bulk handling and shipping of

pharmaceuticals from one place to another. Examples: containers,
barrels
CONTAINERS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS
1) Ampoule
2) Bag
3) Blister
4) Bottle
5) Cartridge
6) Gas cylinder
7) Injection needle
8) Injection syringe
9) Pressurized container
10)Single-dose container
11) Strip
12)Tube
13)Vial
TWO TYPES OF CONTAINERS

1. Glass Containers

2. Plastic Containers
GLASS CONTAINERS
These need to be chemically inert, impermeable, strong and rigid
proving FDA clearance.
FOUR TYPES OF GLASSES
USED IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Type I - Borosilicate Glass:Highly resistant and chemically inert glass. Alkalis
and earth cations of glass are replaced by boron and/or aluminum and zinc.
These are used to contain strong acids and alkalis.

Type II - Treated Soda Lime Glass:These are more chemically inert than Type I
glass. The glass surface is de-alkalized by Sulfur treatment which prevents
blooming/weathering from bottles.

Type III -Regular Soda Lime Glass: Untreated soda lime glass with average
chemical resistance.

Type IV - General Purpose Soda Lime Glass: Glass is not used for parenterals,
used only for products intended to be used orally or topically.
GLASS CONTAINERS
Colored glass is used to screen out ultraviolet rays and is thus
effective for protecting contents from light. Amber glass and red
colored glass is used for this purpose. Major disadvantage of glass
as a packaging material is its fragility and weight.

PLASTIC CONTAINERS
Plastic Containers:Plastic containers of high quality can be easily
formed with different designs. These packages are extremely
resistant to breakage and leakage. Primarily plastic containers are
made from the following polymers:
PLASTIC CONTAINERS
1. Polyethylene (PE):Provides good barrier against moisture, relatively poor one against
oxygen and other gases. High density polyethylene is used with density ranging from 0.91-
0.96 leading to four basic characteristics of container, (1) Stiffness, (2) Moisture-vapor
transmission, (3) stress cracking and (4) clarity or translucency based on polymer density
used.
2. Polypropylene (PP):Polypropylene has features of polyethylene in addition it does not
stress-crack in any condition. Hot aromatic or halogenated solvents soften the package. It
has high melting point making it suitable for boilable packages and products needed to be
sterilized. Brittleness at low temperature is its major disadvantages.
3.Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC):Can be produced with crystal clear clarity, will provide good
gaseous barrier and stiffness. Reduction in residual vinyl chloride monomers had further
enhanced PVC quality. PVC is used as coating on glass bottles providing shatter resistant
coating.
4.Polystyrene (PS):Rigid and crystal clear plastic. Not useful for liquid products. Polystyrene
has high water and gaseous permeability also these are easily stretchable and breakable. To
increase their strength and quality for permeability polystyrene is combined with rubber and
acrylic compounds. Base on the composition these are classified as intermediate impact,
high impact and super impact packages.
PLASTIC CONTAINERS
5. Nylon (Polyamide):Many dibasic acids and amines combine to provide numerous varieties
of nylon. Nylon is extremely strong and is quite difficult to be destroyed by mechanical
means. Nylon provides resistance to wide range of acids and alkali only disadvantage of it is
being permeable to water vapor for some amount this can also be dealt with coating of PE
over the container. Not used for long term storage of products.
6. Polycarbonate:Has an ability to be sterilized repeatedly. It has immense rigidity and is a
possible replacement for glass, vials and syringes. It has qualities like high dimensional
stability, high impact strength, resistance to strain, low water absorption, transparency, and
resistance to heat and flame. Polycarbonates have impact strength five times greater than
any other common packaging plastics.
7. Acrylic Multipolymers (Nitrile Polymers):These are polymers of acrylonitrile or
methacrylonitrile monomers. These provide for packaging of those products which are not
packed in usual packages as they provide for high gas barrier, good chemical resistance, and
good strength.
8.Polyethylene terepthalate (PET):Condensation polymer formed by reaction of terepthalic
acid or dimethyl terepthalic acid with ethylene glycol. It has excellent strength and provides
barrier for gas and aroma making it as a useful package for cosmetics, mouth washes and
other products.
 F
O
G
I N ES
G
A AG
C K R
PA EVE
B
PACKAGING OF BEVERAGES
The beverage industry is one among the front-liners where massive
investments are being made for expansion and technological up
gradation
CURRENT TRENDS IN PACKAGING
BEVERAGES
- to improve the conventional
containers
- extend their share in the
large market
- extend the shelf-life of the
products
- provide greater consumer
convenience
- to produce economic
packages
PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS
FOR ALL TYPES OF BEVERAGES

- Absolutely leak-proof and prevent contamination

- Protect the contents against chemical deterioration
- No pick up of external flavours
- Be hygienic and safe
- Retain carbonation in the case of carbonated beverages
- Economical, easy to use and dispose
- Good aesthetic appearance
NON-CARBONATED DRINKS
These include fruit juices, fruit drinks, and fruit nectars.

The major deterioration that occurs in fruit beverages:

- loss of nutrition
- physio-chemical changes
- microbial growth
PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR FRUIT
BEVERAGES
1) Glass Containers
The use of glass bottles for the packaging of fruit beverages was
wide- spread although the hot-fill/hold/cool process had to be
applied with care to avoid breakage of the containers.
The improvements that have occurred in glass bottle
packaging are:
Light weight
Surface coating to increase abrasion resistance
Use of wide mouth containers fitted with easy-open-caps.
2) Metal Containers
Tinplate cans made of low carbon mild steel of 99.75% purity,
coated with tin with easy open ends are used. They are lacquered
internally to prevent corrosion.
PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR FRUIT
BEVERAGES
3) Plastic Containers
Fruit juices contain organic substances, which are sensitive to bacterial
contamination. Packaging of such products is done through hot filling, to achieve
extended shelf life, PET bottles are usually used for hot filling applications.
4) Aseptic Packages
These aseptic packages are made by combining thermoplastic with paperboard
and aluminum foil. Their multi-layered construction enables the carton to protect
the contents from various factors responsible for spoilage. The aluminum foil
layer is a strong barrier for O2 and light. The inner plastic layer made of
polyethylene makes it possible to seal through the liquid. The outer paper layer
provides stiffness.
5) Bag-in-Box System
It consists of a collapsible bag within a rigid container, a filling machine to
introduce the liquid product into the bag and a dispenser to draw the product out.
COFFEE
Coffee is made from the coffee beans, which is converted into a
consumable beverage.
COFFEE
Some of the major deterioration reactions in coffee :
Staling: This may be due to loss of flavour volatiles or due to
chemical changes caused by moisture and oxygen absorption
Evolution of CO2, which is emitted during the roasting process.
Ingress of moisture in instant coffee results in caking.
PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR COFFEE
Packaging materials for coffee:
- paperboard carton with a liner or an overwrap of polypropylene
- regenerated cellulosic film
- plastic jars, bottles, pouches, strips and envelopes.
CARBONATED DRINKS
Carbonated Drinks
Carbonated drinks contain
carbonated water, flavour, colour,
sweeteners and preservatives.
CARBONATED DRINKS
Two major deteriorative changes
that occur in carbonated drinks are:
loss of carbonation
rancidification of essential flavouring oils.
SOFTDRINKS
Packaging Materials
1) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle
Advantages of PET container:
Superior packaging to product ratio:
PET bottles are 32% more energy efficient than glass bottles
2) Glass bottles and Aluminum Cans
Generate 230% and 175% times more atmospheric emissions compared
to PET.
3) Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN)
Meets several requirements for soft drinks packaging such as physical,
chemical and barrier properties. It has a barrier to CO2, O2, water vapour
and UV light which is 4-5 times better than PET.
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
Beer (Grain Based)
Beer is made from grains and has low alcoholic content around 5% by volume.
Beer needs high performance in both CO2 and O2 barrier compared to PET used in
carbonated soft drinks (CSD) applications.
Packaging material: Glass bottle with crown closure
Wine (Fruit/Sap based)
Wine is a beverage resulting from the fermentation by yeasts of the juice of grapes
with appropriate processing and additions.
Packaging material: glass bottle sealed with natural cork.
Brandy and Whisky
These drinks are obtained by distillation of alcohol containing drinks.
Packaging material: Because of their high alcohol percentages, these liquors are
mostly packed in glass bottles so that they can be kept for an infinite time after
opening.