Sculpture

Three-dimensional art made by one of four

basic processes: carving, modelling,
casting, constructing.

What is What does 3D Mean?

The term refers to the three
sculpture? dimensions of spacelength, breadth,
and depth. It is a useful way of
distinguishing between art such as
painting, drawing, and prints, which
are two-dimensional (flat), and
sculpture, which is three-dimensional.
IS SCULPTURE ALWAYS VIEWED FROM ALL SIDES?
Not all sculptures are carved in the round. Relief
sculptures are carved on one side only, and stand out
from a background surface. Relief panels have been used
since ancient times, often to decorate important
buildings, such as temples and churches.

HOW IS SCULPTURE MADE?

Techniques depend upon the materials used. When carving stone or wood, the
sculptor chips away with a hammer and chisel. When sculpting clay, artists may
use their hands. Clay models may be cast in bronze to create a strong,
permanent sculpture. Other techniques include welding metal, molding plastic or
concrete, and using fiberglass.
Carving
Carving is a sculptural technique that involves using
tools to shape a form by cutting or scraping away from
a solid material such as stone, wood, ivory or bone.

Henri Gaudier-Brzeska Henry Moore OM,

Red Stone Dancer CH Auguste Rodin
Jacques Lipchitz
C.1913 Mask The Kiss
Sculpture
1928 1901-4
1915-16
 Casting
Casting involves making a mold and then pouring a liquid material, such as molten
metal, plastic, rubber or fiberglass into the mold. A cast is a form made by this
process. Many sculptures are produced by the artist modelling a form (normally in
clay, wax or plaster). This is then used to create a mold to cast form. A mold can be
cast more than once, allowing artists to create editions of an artwork.

Gertrude Clay Sculpture

Hermes Plaster
Germaine Richier Katheleen Raine
Diabolo 1954
1950, Cast
 Modelling
Modelling is an additive process. This means a soft material is worked
by the artist to build up a shape or form (rather than scraping or taking
material away as in carving). Also unlike carving, soft materials such as
clay and wax can be changed and reworked. Modelling a maquette can
also often be the first step in the creation of a finished sculpture.

Sir Hamo
Thornycroft Andrew Lord Ghisha Koenig
Sketch for Biting Metal Punchers I Giuseppe Penone
Artemis 1996-8 1957 Breath 5
1880 1978
 Constructing and Assembling
In the twentieth century a new way of making sculpture emerged with the cubist
constructions of Picasso. These were still life subjects made from scrap found
materials glued together. Constructed sculpture in various forms became a major
stream in modern art, including in movements such as constructivism or techniques
like assemblage. Artists have used techniques including bending, folding, stitching,
welding, bolting, tying, weaving, and balancing to construct sculptures from a wide
variety of materials and found objects.

Pablo Picasso
Still Life Julio Gonzalez
1914 Mrinalini Head Called The Naum Gabo
Mukherjee Tunnel Model for Constructed Torso
Jauna 1933-4 1917, reassembled 1981
Sculptures Can Be.
 Abstract Art
"What is real is not the external form but
the essence of things. Starting from this
truth it is impossible for anyone to
express anything essentially real by
imitating its exterior surface."
Constantin Brancusi

https://www.artsy.net/gene/abstract-sculpture/artworks?
for_sale=&include_medium_filter_in_aggregation=true
 Nonobjective
sculpture is a more
completely
nonrepresentational form
that does not even have a
starting point in nature. It
arises from a constructive
manipulation of the
sculptor's generalized,
abstract ideas of spatial
relations, volume, line,
colour, texture, and so on.
www.damonart.com/artist-definitions.html
http://www.calder.org/
"Biomorphic is a term
most commonly
associated with
abstract art to describe
a form that is irregular
or organic, often
derived from shapes
found in nature. Jean Arp Head and
Biomorphic forms are Shell

frequently found in
Surrealist art, most
Jean Arp
notably in the paintings Torso of Muse
of Yves Tanguy and the
sculpture of Arp and
Henry Moore.
http://www.damonart.com/artist-
definitions.html
"Minimalism's sense of
detachment and reduction to pure,
self-referential form is best seen in
sculpture. Of particular importance
to Minimal sculpture, by such
artists as Carl Andre, Dan Flavin,
Donald Judd, and Robert Morris, is
its relation to the space in which it
is located, asserting an inextricable
bond between the object and its Robert Morris untitled (mirrored cubes) (1965/71)
context. Furthermore, that many
sculptures were produced as series
demonstrates Minimalism's
propensity for subtle permutations
of prescribed forms. Minimal
objects (or their components) were
not fabricated by the artists
themselves but rather by other
people working from plans drawn
up by the artists." Ronald Bladen the X (1965)
"Installation art is art that
uses sculptural materials and
other media to modify the
way we experience a
particular space. Installation
art incorporates almost any
media to create a visceral
and/or conceptual experience
in a particular environment.
Materials used in
contemporary installation art
range from everyday and
natural materials to new
media such as video, sound, Tadashi Kawamata
performance, computers and
the internet."
 Conceptual sculpture's primary
emphasis is the communication of
the idea behind the work. In
conceptual art the "concept is the
most important aspect of the
work...The idea becomes the
machine that makes the art..."
Much Conceptual art is self-
conscious or self-referential. Like
Duchamp and other modernists,
they created art that is about art,
Fountain (1917)
and pushed its limits by using Artist: Marcel
minimal materials and even text. Duchamp
ttp://www.theartstory.org/movement-conceptual-art.htm
 Kinetic sculpture: contains moving parts,
and can be set in motion by air currents or a motor

Alexander Calder mobile national gallery