Basjiruddin A

Departement of Neurology
Medical Faculty - University of Andalas

2016
 The central portion of the nervous system consist of the
brain and the elongated spinal cord (fig 1-2)
The brain can be subdivided into the cerebrum, the brain
stem, and the cerebellum
The cerebrum (forebrain) consist of the telenchepalon
and the dienchepalon

If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it,

we would be so simple that we couldnt
Emerson Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (1977)
 The telenchepalon includes the cerebral
cortex called gray matter.
Sub cortical : white matter,
and the basal ganglia, which are gray
masses deep within the cerebral.
hemispheres, not contained neuronal cell
bodies or synapses.
 The white matter consist of myelinated fibers.
The major sub division of the dienchepalon are the
thalamus and hypothalamus
The brain stem consist of the mid brain
(mesenchepalon), pons, and medulla oblongata
The cerebellum includes the vermis and two lateral
lobes.
The brain which is hollow, contains a system of
spaces call ventricles
Anatomi Hemisfer Serebrum
Kedua hemisfer merupakan bagian terbesar otak

Sulkus dan Fisura Utama :

Permukaan hemisfer serebrum mengandung banyak
fisura dan sulkus yang memisahkan lobus frontalis,
parietalis, oksipitalis, dan temporalis dari satu sama lain
dan dari insula.
Sulkus sentralis memisahkan lobus frontalis dari lobus
parietalis
 Bagian dari korpus kalosum berbentuk busur;
bagian anterior melengkung, menghubungkan
hemisfer kiri dan hemisfer kanan.
Lobus frontalis membentang dari kutub frontal ke
sulkus sentralis.
Lobus parietalis membentang dari sulkus sentralis
ke fisura parieto-oksipitalis
Lobus Oksipitalis yang berbentuk limas terletak di
belakang fisura parieto-oksipitalis
The Brain
Brainstem
responsible for
automatic
survival functions
Medulla
controls heartbeat
and breathing
Parts of the Brain

THALAMUS amygdala
hippocampus
Relays
messages pituitary

CEREBELLUM
Coordination
and balance
BRAINSTEM Heart rate and
breathing
Reticular Formation
Widespread connections
Arousal of the brain as a whole
Reticular activating system
(RAS)
Maintains consciousness and
alertness
Functions in sleep and arousal
from sleep
The Cerebellum
Helps :
coordinate
voluntary
movement and
balance
The Limbic System

Hypothalamus, pituitary,
amygdala, and hippocampus all
deal with basic drives,
emotions, and memory
Hippocampus Memory
processing
Amygdala Aggression (fight)
and fear (flight)
Hypothalamus Hunger, thirst,
body temperature, pleasure;
regulates pituitary gland
(hormones)
The Limbic System
Hypothalamus
neural structure lying
below (hypo) the
thalamus; directs several
maintenance activities
eating
drinking
body temperature
helps govern the
endocrine system via the
pituitary gland
linked to emotion
(show video)
The Limbic System
Amygdala
two almond-shaped
neural clusters that are
components of the
limbic system and are
linked to emotion and
fear
The Brain
Thalamus
the brains sensory
switchboard, located
on top of the brainstem
it directs messages to
the sensory receiving
areas in the cortex and
transmits replies to the
cerebellum and
medulla
The Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
the bodys ultimate
control and
information
processing center
The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

Planning, decision Sensory

making speech

Vision
Auditory
The Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobes
involved in speaking
and muscle
movements and in
making plans and
judgments
the executive

Parietal Lobes
include the sensory
cortex
The Cerebral Cortex
Occipital Lobes
include the visual areas, which receive
visual information from the opposite
visual field
Temporal Lobes
include the auditory areas, each of
which receives auditory information
primarily from the opposite ear
The Cerebral Cortex

Frontal (Forehead to top) Motor Cortex

Parietal (Top to rear) Sensory Cortex
Occipital (Back) Visual Cortex
Temporal (Above ears) Auditory Cortex
Motor/Sensory Cortex

Contralateral
Homunculus
Unequal
representation
Sensory Areas Sensory Homunculus
The Cerebral Cortex
Aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by
left hemisphere damage either to Brocas
area (impairing speaking) or to Wernickes
area (impairing understanding) see clips
Brocas Area
an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the
muscle movements involved in speech
Wernickes Area
an area of the left temporal lobe involved in
language comprehension and expression
Language Areas

Broca
Expression
Wernicke
Comprehension
and reception
Aphasias
LEFT HEMISPHERE
 Techniques to examine
functions of the brain

1. Remove part
of the brain &
see what effect it
has on behavior

2. Examine
humans who
have suffered
brain damage
3. Stimulate
the brain

LOOKING LISTENING THINKING

4. Record
brain activity

REMEMBERING WORKING
Our Divided Brains

Corpus collosum
large bundle of
neural fibers
(myelinated axons,
or white matter)
connecting the two
hemispheres
Hemispheric Specialization

LEFT RIGHT

Symbolic thinking Spatial perception

(Language) Overall picture
Detail Context, metaphor
Literal meaning
Contra-lateral
division of labor
Right hemisphere
controls left side of
body and visual field

Left hemisphere
controls right side of
body and visual field
Split Brain Patients
Epileptic patients had corpus callosum cut
to reduce seizures in the brain
Lives largely unaffected, seizures reduced
Affected abilities related to naming objects
in the left visual field
Brain Plasticity

Brain ability to recognize itself by forming

new neural connection throughout life
based on new experiences.
Neuroplasticity : allows neurons in the
brain compensate for injury and disease
and to adjust their activities in respons to
new situation or to changes in the
environments.
Persistent functional changes in the brain
represent new knowledge
Age dependent component
Environmental influences on neuroplasticity

Impoverished environment

Enriched environment
Sensation

The process by which the central

nervous system receives input from
the environment via sensory neurons
Bottom up processing
Perception

The process by which the brain

interprets and organizes sensory
information
Top-down processing
The psychophysics of sensation
Absolute threshold the minimum
stimulation needed to detect a stimulus with
50% accuracy
Subliminal stimulation below the
absolute threshold for conscious awareness
May affect behavior without conscious
awareness
Sensory adaptation/habituation
diminished sensitivity to an unchanging
stimulus
The five major senses
Vision electromagnetic
Occipital lobe
Hearing mechanical
Temporal lobe
Touch mechanical
Sensory cortex
Taste chemical
Gustatory insular cortex
Smell chemical
Olfactory bulb
Orbitofrontal cortex
Vomeronasal organ?
The sixth sense
And the seventhand eighthand ninth

Vestibular balance and motion

Inner ear
Proprioceptive relative position of body
parts
Parietal lobe
Temperature heat
Thermoreceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex
Nociception pain
Nociceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex
Thresholds of the five major senses
The Retina

The retina at the

back of the eye
is actually part
of the brain!

Rods
brightness
Cones color
Thank You