Bangunan Lepas Pantai 1

KULIAH KL - 4121

6 November 2009
Wisnu Mustapha
 Early Offshore Platform
History
US Gulf of Mexico
600

550

500

450

400

6 m (20 ft)
Superior Oil 350

TEMPLATE 300

268 Piles 259 m (850 ft)

1,200 STon HONDO 250

1947 TEMPLATE 200

19,000 STon
1976 312 m (1,025 ft) 150

COGNAC 100

TEMPLATE
59,000 STon 50

1978 412 m (1,352 ft) m

BULLWINKLE 503 m (1,650 ft)

SHELL Petroleum BALDPATE 535 m (1,754 ft)
TEMPLATE Amerada Hess PETRONIUS
77,000 STon COMPLIANT Chevron & Marathon
1989 COMPLIANT
1998 43,000 STon
2000
 Early Offshore Platform History
North Sea
450

400

350

300

31m (100 ft)

LEMAN BANK 250

AMOCO operator
ARCO shares 67m (220 ft) 200

TEMPLATE EKOFISK
12 Piles Phillips Petroleum 150

2,500 STon GRAVITY

1966 140m (460 ft) 139m (456 ft)
225,000 STon 100

BRENT B NINIAN CENTRAL

1973
Shell UK Chevron UK
GRAVITY 186m (610 ft) 50
GRAVITY
550,000 STon MAGNUS
350,000 STon
1978 BP m

1975
TEMPLATE 303 m (994 ft)
52,000 STon TROLL A
TROLL A Platform
1982 SHELL Oil
GRAVITY
656,000 Ton
1996
 World Tallest Structures

Petronius Shanghai Financial Center Tokyo Tower Eiffel Tower Trans America
Platform Construction Built Built Built
Built 2000 2008 1958 1889 1972
640 m 492 m 333 m 324 m 260 m
Early Offshore Platforms (1)

Persian Gulf
BP was the pioneer at Umm Shaif, offshore Abu Dhabi,
Persian Gulf in 1953.
Survey by Jaques-Yves Cousteau, pioneer in modern
diving using Calypso survey vessel. Water depth is 30m.
Operates until today (BP concession is 14.7%). Production
is 500,000 bbl/day oil, and 1 billion scf/day gas.
Early Offshore Platforms (2)

Santa Barbara Channel,

USA

ARCO and Mobil Oil joint venture

were the pioneers in 1965. Holly,
an 8 pile jacket type wellhead and
production platform (30 well
conductors), was installed in 64m
water depth, total weight 7,500 ton,
fabricated in Louisiana. ARCO was
the operator until 1993 when Mobil
Oil took over, then in 1997 VENOCO
took over until today.
 FPSO Systems
Greater Plutonio FPSO
Greater Plutonio field layout
Greater Plutonio
Key Data:
Operator BP
Location Angola Block 18
Water depth 1,200m to 1,500m
Fields Five: Platina, Plutonio, Galio, Paladio, Cromio, Cobalto
Reserves About 750 million barrels
Partners BP Angola and Sonangol Sinopec International
Development plan FPSO vessel
FPSO storage capacity 1.77 million bbl
FPSO production Up to 240,000bpd
Wells 43 subsea production and water / gas injection wells
Subsea system 160km of risers and flowlines, 9 manifolds
Umbilicals 103km
FPSO mooring lines 12
Capital investment About $1,000m
First oil 2007
http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/greater_plutonio/specs.html
 Bab 1.3. Klasifikasi Bangunan Lepas Pantai

Type of structures as per API RP2A:

Fixed Platform Functions:
Template Platform Wellhead platform
Tower Platform Process Platform
Gravity Platform Quarters Platform
Minimum Structure Platform Compressor Platform
Compliant Platform Flare Platform
Floating Production Systems Junction Platform
Tension Leg Platform etc
Semisubmersible Platforms
Others Number of jacket leg / piles of Template Platform:
Monopod Platform
Tripod Platform
4 Pile Platform
6 Pile Platform
8 Pile Platform
 Template Platforms

Relatively small diameter Legs

One pile driven inside leg
Skirt piles may be used
Dedicated Well conductors
Many smaller size bracings
There are bracing at splash zone
Lifted or launch installed

PILES
Skirt Piles

LEG
 4 Pile Wellhead Platform, BP West Java

MAIN DECK

WELL HEAD
DECK
CELLAR DECK

JACKET WALKWAY

WELL CONDUCTOR

JACKET

SEABED

PILE
PLATFORM STRUCTURAL SCHEMATIC

DECK

JACKET

PILE
PLATFORM STRUCTURAL SCHEMATIC
Vertical Load

DECK
Provides support for
operations equipment
and live loads

PILE
 PLATFORM STRUCTURAL SCHEMATIC

Vertical Load

PILE

Horizontal Load
?

Pile Skin Friction

Pile Tip Load

 PLATFORM STRUCTURAL SCHEMATIC

JACKET
DECK
Provides support for Provides lateral support for:
Piles
operations equipment
Conductors
and live loads
Provides support for:
Barge bumpers, Boat landing,
Anodes, Pipeline Risers

PILE
Transfer the load to the ground
Interconnect Elastic Structure and
Elasto-plastic Soils
PLATFORM STRUCTURAL SCHEMATIC

JACKET
DECK

CROWN CONNECTION
Transfer load between jacket
and piles
Interconnect stiffness between
jacket and piles

PILE
Bab 1.3. Klasifikasi Bangunan Lepas Pantai

Jenis Platform tipe Jacket

Jacket Structure

Steel TUBULAR is widely used for

Offshore Structure due to advantages
as follows:
CD
CM
Stiffness same in all directions of its
cross section
Minimum Area need painting
Minimum Area need CP (cathodic
protection)
Buoyancy
 COMMON OIL / GAS WELL
JACKET STRUCTURE GEOMETRY CONDUCTOR

OIL / GAS WELL

CONDUCTOR

CAISSON PIPE

SEABED

MONOPOD JACKET

Shallow water
Limited number of wells
Limited deck space : not many equipment
 COMMON
JACKET STRUCTURE GEOMETRY
OIL / GAS WELL
CONDUCTOR

TRIPOD JACKET TRIPOD JACKET 4 PILE JACKET 4 PILE JACKET

DOUBLE BATTER SINGLE BATTER DOUBLE BATTER SINGLE BATTER
 COMMON
JACKET STRUCTURE GEOMETRY

6 PILE JACKET 6 PILE JACKET 8 PILE JACKET 8 PILE JACKET

DOUBLE BATTER SINGLE BATTER DOUBLE BATTER SINGLE BATTER
 COMPOUND PLATFORMS FLARE TRIPOD
JACKET
DOUBLE BATTER

WELLHEAD PLATFORM
TRIPOD JACKET
SINGLE BATTER
WELLHEAD PLATFORM PROCESS PLATFORM
4 PILE JACKET 4 PILE JACKET
SINGLE BATTER DOUBLE BATTER

BRIDGE

SUBSEA PIPELINES

QUARTER PLATFORM 4 WELLHEAD PLATFORM COMPRESSION PLATFORM

PILE JACKET 4 PILE JACKET 6 PILE JACKET
DOUBLE BATTER SINGLE BATTER DOUBLE BATTER
 Bab 2.3. Kriteria Desain

2.3.1. Kriteria Operasional

2.3.2. Kriteria Lingkungan

2.3.3. Kriteria Fabrikasi

2.3.4. Kriteria Instalasi

 Bab 2.3. Kriteria Desain

2.3.1. Kriteria Operasional

2.3.1. Kriteria Operasional

2.3.1.1 METOCEAN
 Reference Maps

Onshore Facilities:
Tactical Pilotage Chart
Topography
Datum: MSL

Marine Facilities:
Nautical Chart
Bathymetry
Datum: SWL, MLW, MLLW, LLW
 Type of Tides

SEMI DIURNAL TIDES

MIXED TIDE

Note:
When water reaches
its highest level and
stops at high tide,
tidal currents cease,
this is called slack
water or slack tide
DIURNAL TIDE
U (1hr,z) = Uo [ 1 + C ln(z/32.8) ]

C = 5.73 10-2 (1 + 0.0457 Uo)1/2

Sustained wind

z WIND
U(1hr,z)

zR = 10 m (32.8ft) WIND
One hour mean speed at the Uo(1hr, 10m)
reference elevation
WIND FORCE

WIND wind load

V(1hr, z)
 Wind and Waves

As waves develop, they offer more surface area for the wind to press
against (wind stress).
Depending on both fetch and time, the size of wave increases
quadratically to a maximum.
The energy imparted to the sea increases with the fourth power of the
wind speed.
As waves develop, they become more rounded, longer and travel faster. MAXIMUM
The maximum size is reached when waves travel almost as
fast as the wind.
A 60 knot storm lasting for 10 hours makes 15m high
WIND waves in open water

FETCH

MICRO RIPPLES RIPPLES

CHOP

FULLY DEVELOPED SEA

 WAVE ENTERING SHALLOW WATER
Heights increase and lengths decrease

Surf zone Intermediate water Deep water

waves break waves touch bottom constant wave length

wave length shortens

L
Wave length

1.3 x H Wave height

0.5 L
Only in breaking waves
the water particles at the crest of the wave
move with the wave form

Solitary Wave Cnoidal Wave Sinusoidal Wave

 propagatio propagatio
Water particles complete 1 orbit,
diameter = H n n
L L
crest

SWL H

through
At the sea-bed
the movement is in
0.5 L a horizontal plane only

SHALLOW WATER d/L < 0.02

wave base Wave action does not decrease with depth

INTERMEDIATE WATER 0.5 > d/L > 0.02

DEEP WATER d/L > 0.5
Wave action deceases rapidly with depth

WAVE MOTION AND DEPTH

 WAVE FORCE

propagatio
n
Wave
L
crest force

SWL

SHALLOW WATER d/L < 0.02

INTERMEDIATE WATER 0.5 > d/L > 0.02

WAVE FORCE
L

propagati
on Wave
force
crest

Resultant Wave Force

SWL

0.5 L
d
wave base

DEEP WATER d/L > 0.5

Wave action deceases rapidly with depth
Hydrostatic Pressure
Tubular under water
fh = Hz/4500 (D/t) ksi < Fhc/SF
experience
hydrostatic pressure Hz = Z + 0.5H cosh k(d-Z)/cosh kd
in the form of hoop
stress Fhc = Critical hoop buckling stress
d = SWL (ft)
Z = depth below still water surface (ft)
H = wave height
Ring Stiffener
Hydrostatic
pressure
k = 2L
L L= Length between stiffeners
SF= Safety Factor (2.0 for operating,tt>1.5 for
storm condition)
D
 Bottom of pipes
Air Gap = 5 ft API RP2A
Wave Crest

HAT

SWL
wave
Overturning Moment LAT
curren
Dominant
t Base Shear Dominant

Wave Load, Motion and Phase

 L = wave length (m)
H = wave height (m)

T = wave period (second)

Sinusoidal Oscillatory Wave : L, H, T

WAVE PHASE (angle degree) , Period T (second)
 Wave Forces

D = Diameter or Width of the member

L = Wave length
W = Orbit width of water particle
H = Wave height D/L > 0.2 Diffraction regime, Gravity type structure
d = Water depth
W = H / tanh (2d/L)

D/L < 0.2 Morrison Equation, Lattice type jacket structure

D/W > 0.2 Morrison Equation, Inertia predominant
D/W < 0.2 Morrison Equation, Drag predominant

Troll A platform, Norway

 Wave Forces

Wave Induced Force:

Drag Force FD:
Force is due to frictional and form drag. Magnitude of FD depends
on shape, roughness of the object, Reynolds number, and intensity
of turbulence in the flow.
Inertia Force FI:
Force is due to water particle acceleration.

It is assumed in practical application that total forces acting on a

structure can be obtained by linearly superimposing FD and FI. This
is the basis of Morison equation.
F = F D + FI
Drag Coefficient

2.0 1.3

0.6
1.5

2.0

0.5

1.5
Mass Coefficient

2.5 2.3

2.5
1.6

2.3

2.0

2.2
 HELICOPTER
2.3.1. KRITERIA OPERATIONAL WIND

HELIPAD

CRANE
GENERATOR
MAIN DECK NAVAIDS
HATCH
SUPPORT FOR WORKOVER RIG

WELLHEADS
MEZZANINE

WELL MANIFOLDS
CELLAR DECK TEST SEPARATOR
PRODUCTION SEPARATOR

SUB CELLAR DECK PIG LAUNCHERS

WELL CONDUCTOR PIPELINE SHUTDOWN VALVES

DECK LEG
2.3.1.1. Operational Equipment on Platform
 2.3.1. KRITERIA OPERATIONAL

2.3.1.2. LOAD ON PLATFORM

Dead Load
Weight of Structure in air
Weight of equipment permanently mounted on
platform
Hydrostatic forces below waterline
Weight of water enclosed in the structure
Weight of drilling rig
Weight of heliport, diving equipment, utility
equipment

May change depends on mode of operations

 2.3.1. KRITERIA OPERATIONAL

2.3.1.2. LOAD ON PLATFORM

Live Load
Weight of consumable supplies and fluids in
pipes and tanks
Lifting of drill string
Lifting by crane
Machine operations
Helicopter landing

Environmental Loads
Metocean Loads (wind, wave, current, and tides)
Earthquake
 TOPSIDE LOAD
Deck Structure
Piping
Equipment HELIPAD
Life Load
WORKOVER RIG Crane Load
Helicopter Load
Drilling Workover Load MAIN DECK
SKID BEAM

WIND
MEZZANINE EARTHQUAKE

CELLAR DECK

SUB CELLAR DECK

AIR GAP = 5 ft:, 100 year return period

wave above storm water level

DECK STRUCTURE LOAD

Deck Structure
Piping
Equipment
Life Load
Drilling Load
WIND

WAVE
CURRENT
EARTHQUAKE
BUOYANCY

ADDED HYDRODYNAMIC MASS

Barge berthing
Vessel berthing

JACKET STRUCTURE LOAD

 2.3.1. KRITERIA OPERATIONAL

2.3.1.3. ANALYSES DURING DESIGN & ENGINEERING

Operating Case
Storm case
Earthquake
Inplace Analysis
Fatigue
Fabrication*
Load out*
Transportation*
Installation
Removal

Note:
* May be performed by the Fabricator
 2.3.1. KRITERIA OPERATIONAL

2.3.1.4. DESIGN CRITERIA

Environmental conditions selected for the platform

is based on a Risk Analysis:

Estimated cost of the platform designed to

environmental conditions for several average
recurrence intervals
The probability of platform damage or loss including
lost of production, clean up of spills, well
replacement, or platform replacement.
 2.3.1. KRITERIA OPERATIONAL

2.3.1.4. DESIGN CRITERIA

Factors to be considered:

Intended use of Platform

Service Life
Probability of personnel being quartered on the
platform under extreme loading conditions
Probability of occurrence of extreme metocean
loads
Probability of occurrence of extreme earthquake
loads
Probability of pollutions
 2.3.1. KRITERIA OPERATIONAL

2.3.1.4. DESIGN CRITERIA

API RP2A First edition of API RP2A was issued in October 1969
AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code was first issued in 1972

Metocean
Operating Wind, Wave, Current: 1-5 year return period
Storm Wind, Wave, Current: 100 year return period

Specified after 1965

Hurricane Hilda in 1964
Earthquake Hurricane Betsy in 1965

Strength Level Earthquake: 200 years return period

Rare Intense Earthquake: 1,000 years return period
 Current Blockage Factor

Structure cause the flow to diverge, the current speed within the structure is reduced
Current Speed = Free stream value x Blockage Factor

Current
# Leg Heading Factor broadside
3 All 0.90
4 end-on 0.80
diagonal 0.85
broadside0.80
6 end-on 0.75
diagonal 0.85

on t
ag en
Current

al
end-on

di urr
broadside0.80

C
8 end-on 0.70
diagonal 0.85
broadside0.80
Note: Blockage factor for conductors, risers, boat landing,
fenders and appurtenances should be calculated separately
 Combined Wave & Current Load

Cd Cm
Wave Smooth 0.65 1.6
Kinematics Rough 1.05 1.2
factors Conductor
100 yr wave Shielding
2-D
height and Factor
Wave Wave Wave
Associated Theory Kinematics Plus Local
wave period Including Current Member
And Doppler Kinematics Wave plus Distributed
storm water effect Current velocity should Current Forces
depth be added vectorially to Forces
the horizontal wave (Morrison
particle velocity before Equation)
total force is computed Vector
Associated
Sum
current
Marine
Current Riser and Growth
Blocakge Appurtenance
Factor Hydrodynamics Global
0.7 1.0 Models Forces
Conductor Shielding factor

Current Blockage
Conductor array:
Factor
Shielding factor
END ON

DIAGONAL

BROAD SIDE
CRITICAL WAVE & CURRENT DIRECTIONS N

NE
NW
Wav
e
Cu r r &
ent

PLATFORM
NORTH W E

SE
SW
S
Wave and associated current and wind take into consideration tidal affects
Anticipated from any directions
Bab 1.3. Klasifikasi Bangunan Lepas Pantai

Perbedaan antara

Drilling Rig

Offshore Platform
WELLHEAD PLATFORM AND DRILLING RIG

Wellhead Platform
Fixed structure
Permanent at location during design life
Piled foundation penetrates seabed

Drill Rig
Mobile structure
Temporary at location during drilling only
Spud can foundation sit on sea bed

WELLHEAD PLATFORM JACK UP DRILL RIG

 Bab 2.3. Kriteria Desain

2.3.2. Kriteria Lingkungan

 2.3.2. KRITERIA LINGKUNGAN
FAULTS
2.3.2.1. PLATFORM LOCATION

SPUD CAN IMPRINT

Location should be:

RELATIVELY FLAT ANCHOR SCAR

STABLE AREA

Location should be free from:

FAULTS

POCKMARKS
SUBSEA PIPELINE
SHALLOW GAS POCKETS
ANCHOR SCARS
POCK MARKS
RIG FOOTPRINTS
SUBSEA PIPELINES
 2.3.2. KRITERIA LINGKUNGAN
2.3.2.2. PLATFORM ORIENTATION

WELLHEAD

CURRENT
PLATFORM
DEEPER WATER
NORTH

Bathymetry
DRILL RIG APPROACH FROM
DEEPER WATER

WELLHEAD LOCATED AT
PLATFORM NORTH

BOAT LANDING IN LINE WITH

CURRENT DIRECTION

PIPELINE RISER CLEARS RIG

AND BOAT LANDING AREAS
 2.3.2.3. PLATFORM ZONING

RISER AND
H SUBSEA
PIPELINES

BOAT LANDING
WELLHEAD

CURRENT
PLATFORM
DEEPER WATER
NORTH

Bathymetry

RIG APPROACH
JACK UP DRILL RIG

RISER AND
SUBSEA
PIPELINES
 2.3.2.3. PLATFORM ZONING

RISER AND
H SUBSEA
PIPELINES

BOAT LANDING
WELLHEAD

CURRENT
PLATFORM
DEEPER WATER
NORTH

Bathymetry

RIG APPROACH
JACK UP DRILL RIG

RISER AND
SUBSEA
PIPELINES
 2.3.2.4. JACKET STRUCTURE CONFIGURATION

H Barge bumpers and

riser protector frame

JACK UP DRILL RIG

INBOARD WELL CONDUCTORS

Location for FUTURE OUTBOARD CONDUCTORS

 2.3.2.5. BOAT LANDING
TIDES

Barge Bumpers

Boat Landing
MULTI LEVEL
 2.3.2.5. BOAT LANDING
TIDES

API RP2A Air gap Barge Bumpers

1.5 m (5 ft)

Storm tide

Boat Landing
MULTI LEVEL
 PREVAILING WIND
PLATFORM
VENT STACK
NORTH

22
22
H
H

H
M
K
22

W
PREVAILING WIND

t
9.3
JACK UP DRILL RIG

MAIN DECK
VENT STACK

2.3.2.6. FACILITY LAYOUT MAINDECK

 PREVAILING WIND
PLATFORM
VENT STACK
NORTH

22
22
H
H

21

H
0
de
gr
ee
O
15

bs
M
K
0

ta
22

W
PREVAILING WIND

de

cl

t
9.3
e
gr

Fr
ee

ee
Li

Se
m
ite

ct
o
d

r
O
bs
ta
cl
e
Se
JACK UP DRILL RIG

ct
o r
MAIN DECK

Helideck Sectors and Fly Path

2.3.2.6. FACILITY LAYOUT MAINDECK Ref.: ICAO Annex 14 and CAA CAP 437
2.3.2.7. MARINE GROWTH

Fouling organism that grows and expand outwards on the

surface of structural members submerged on the sea water

SOFT FOULING
Sponges, sea squirt, seaweeds, bryozoans and anemones

HARD FOULING
Barnacles, tube worms, mussels, other calcareous or shell
organism

Factors that affect growth:

Depth, Distance from shore, Water current, Temperature
 2.3.2.7. MARINE GROWTH

Marine growth affects the followings:

Increase surface roughness

Classified as smooth or rough
Increase member diameter
Increase mass with no change in stiffness and
this cause reduction in the natural frequency
BARNACLES
Cm for the additional volume of the fouling is
taken as 2.2

D = Dc + 2t
SILT DEPOSIT
AND SHRIMPS Dc = clean outside diameter
t = average marine growth thickness 25-100mm
MARINE PLANT

SEABED
2.3.2.8. MASS OF MARINE STRUCTURE

Addition to the onshore structural mass

Entrained mass of water
Marine Growth mass
y Z

Mass of water contained within the member

Mass of externally entrained water

Dependent on the geometric shape
of the submerged body

Mass of tubular member Madx = 1 Mam

X Madz = 1 Mam
Mass of marine growth Mady = 0 Mam

Added mass is an important physical properties for dynamic analysis

2.3.2. KRITERIA LINGKUNGAN
2.3.2.9. CORROSION ZONES

Environmental Corrosion
Condition Protection
Atmospheric Zone Atmospheric Painting
Sea Exposure
Precipitated salt
Condensation
Air Gap : 5 ft (API RP2A)
Severe Corrosion Extra Steel
Hw Continuous wetting Monel Wrap
Splash Zone and drying Coating
Splash and Spray
Max Pitting Corrosion
In tidal area
anode

Immersed Zone General Sacrificial Anodes

sea water corrosion Impressed current
cathodic protection

SEA BED

little corrosion
Below seabed
2.3.2.9. CORROSION ZONES

Operating Wave
1 year recurrence interval

Annual tidal variations

MSL
SPLASH ZONE

Annual tidal variations

Sea bed
2.3.2.9. CORROSION ZONES

SPLASH ZONE Avoid horizontal bracings, welded

connections in this zone

Sea bed
 2.3.2.9. CORROSION ZONES

Galvanic Corrosion

Galvanic Corrosion:
Corrosion associated with the current resulting
from the electrical coupling of dissimilar
electrodes in an electrolyte
Metal converts into metallic oxides, forming
more stable compound

Conditions for galvanic corrosion:

Various regions of structure must have different
electric potential
Conducting path between the regions of
different potential
Electrolyte on the surface of the structure
 2.3.2.9. CORROSION ZONES

Galvanic Corrosion

Galvanic series

ANODE + - CATHODE

K Na Ba Ca Mg Zn Al Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
Less noble Noble

oxidation reduction

corroded protected
 2.3.2.9. CORROSION ZONES

Electro chemical
close circuit
conductor

electrodes
+ electrons -
electrodes

medium

anodes electrolyte cathode

Anode metal dissolve Cathode

Metal oxidation hydrogen ions + electrons
Metal ion + electrons ions neutralized (polarized)
Metal is attacked by reduction hydrogen gas
losing ions to
current flow
electrolyte
 CASE STUDY

Helideck

Crane away from

Drill Rig working
area.
Built its own
pedestal that
can be used for
diesel fuel
storage

Laydown area

Laydown area accessable by crane

Outboard Well Conductors
CASE STUDY
 Bab 2.3. Kriteria Desain

2.3.3. Kriteria Fabrikasi

 2.3.3. KRITERIA FABRIKASI

2.3.3.1. STEEL SHAPES, TUBULAR MEMBER DAN TUBULAR JOINT

STEEL MATERIAL SELECTION

CONSTRUCTABILITY

TUBULAR JOINT TYPE

ROLL UP

FIT UP

2.3.3.2. NDT

WELDING NDT DURING FABRICATION

TYPE
ACCESS
2.3.3.1. STEEL SHAPES, TUBULAR MEMBER DAN TUBULAR JOINT

2.3.3.1.1 STEEL GROUPS AND STEEL CLASSES AS PER API RP2A

STEEL GROUPS (Based on Strength Level and Welding characteristics)

Group 1
Mild Steel, Fy < 280 MPa (40 ksi) , CE < 0.40%. Welding process AWS D1.1
Group 2
Intermediate Strength Steel, 280 MPa (40 ksi) < Fy < 360 MPa (52 ksi) , CE > 0.45%.
Low Hydrogen Welding process
Group 3
High Strength Steel Fy > 360 Mpa (52 ksi). Have to check the Weldability, Fatigue
problems and Notch Toughness prior to utilization

CE = C + Mn + Ni+Cu + Cr+Mo+V
6 15 5
STEEL CLASSES (Based on Notch Toughness characteristics and service temperature)
Class C
Temperature above 0oC, impact tests are not specified, limited thickness, moderate
forming, modest stress
Class B
Temperature 10oC to 0oC, Charpy V-notch energy 20J (Group 1) and 34J (Group 2)
Class A
Suitable for subfreezing temperature.
Temperature -20oC to -40oC, Charpy V-notch energy 20J (Group 1) and 34J (Group 2)
 2.3.3.1. TUBULAR MEMBER DAN TUBULAR JOINT

ASTM A-36, ASTM A572 Gr 50 (ROLLED PLATE to API Spec 2B)

API 5L Grade B (STEEL PIPE)
API Spec 2H for joint cans
(ROLLED STEEL PLATE to API Spec 2B)

Tubular members
Spiral welded pipes can not be used as per API RP2A
Tubulars D/t, local buckling BRACING

LEG KL/r values, slenderness ratio

ANODES
Welding
AWS D1.1LEG
Section 10 for tubular structures
AWS D1.1 Section 8 for plates and structural shapes

LEG
PILE
PILE lded pipes
Longitudinal seam we
2.3.3.1.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY Welding electrode

SMAW

Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Shield gas

Welding ARC
machine
WELD

+
Base metal
2.3.3.1.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY

Tubular Welded Joint

Joint Weld

Weld 1
Longitudinal Seam

Weld 2
Longitudinal Seam

Longitudinal
Seam Weld 1

90o
Longitudinal
Seam Weld 2

Root
2.3.3.1.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY

Tubular Joints

CE

offset (positive)
offset (positive)

ACE R A
B R B
n gth
l e
ti ve
ffec
e

2 inch (access for welding) 2 inch

BRACE
CHORD

CHORD
BR
AC
E

SIMPLE JOINT
2.3.3.1.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY

Tubular Joints Disadvantage:

No access to weld toe for future inspection

offset (negative)
ACE
B R
ACE
B R
CHORD

CHORD
BR BR
AC AC
E E

OVERLAP JOINT
2.3.3.1.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY

Tubular Joints

ACE
B R

JOINT CAN 2 inch

Heavy wall BRACE
Different material
Specifications 2 inch
Yield stress

BR
AC
E
2.3.3.1.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY

Tubular Joints

CE ACE
R A B R
B

Internal stiffener rings

2 inch
BRACE
BRACE BRAC E
BRACE

2 inch
BOTTLE JOINT CAN
Avoid overlaps on complicated joints
Larger diameter
Different material
BR
Specifications AC BR
Yield stress E AC
E
May need internal stiffener rings
 Tubular Joints
2.3.3.1.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY
 Tubular Joint

2.3.3.1.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY
 Buckled shape of column is shown by dashed line

0.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

Theoretical K value
0.65 0.80 1.2 1.0 2.1 2.0
Design K value
Rotation fixed Translation fixed
Rotation free Translation fixed

Rotation fixed Translation free

End condition code
Rotation free Translation free
2.3.3.1.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY

Longitudinal Seam Welded Pipe

Ro
lle
d Welding electrode
pl
at
e

Longitudinal
seam weld

Ro
ll
Di
re
ct
io
n
2.3.3.1.2 CONSTRUCTABILITY

Longitudinal Seam Welded Pipe

Longitudinal
seam weld

Steel Pipe
Heat Input
Welding electrode

Base Metal

HEAT INPUT
Heat Affected Zones
Welding electrode

Base Metal

HAZ = Heat Affected Zone

Base Metal: Micro structural changes

Base Metal

Micro structural change

2.3.3.2. NDT

Nondestructive Testing (NDT), Nondestructive Examination (NDE) and

Nondestructive Inspection (NDI), is testing that does not destroy the test object.

To detect different DEFECTS such as cracking and corrosion

Methods of testing as follows:

1. Visual Inspection (VT)

2. Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)
COST

3. Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)

4. Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
5. Radiographic Testing (RT)

The limitations and complementary use of each method are explained in the
latest edition of AWS B1.10, Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Welds
 NDT

All NDT methods have advantages and limitations for detecting

various types of weld indications.
Magnetic particle Testing (MT) is used for detecting short length and
shallow surface breaking indications. Its sensitivity is severely
reduced in detection of indications through coatings (generally 0.2-
0.4 mm [0.006-0.012 in.]). Thus, the coating must be removed and
reapplied.
Coating removal and recoating (including "clean-up" from coating
removal and access, usually scaffolding) comprises the majority of
MT inspection cost
MT is difficult to use outside on wet surfaces

Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is used for detecting volumetric indications.

It is generally not as sensitive as MT for detection of fine, surface-
breaking indications, and UT requires a higher level of operator skill.

Radiographic Testing (RT) is used for volumetric detection of

indications. It cannot detect lamellar indications. RT also requires
special safety precautions.
 PT
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) is used for detecting discontinuities that are
open to the surface.

The standard methods set forth in ASTM E 165 shall be used for PT inspection,
and the standards of acceptance shall be in conformance with Section 6, Part
C, of AWS D1.1, whichever is applicable.

PT is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-

breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics)

1.Section of 2. Penetrant is 3. Developer 4. Excess

material with a applied to the is applied, penetrant is
surface- surface. rendering the removed.
breaking crack crack visible. The crack is
that is not visible
visible to the
naked eye.
 Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

Very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging

from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionally up to 50 MHz are launched into
materials to detect internal flaws, the weld mass and the HAZ, or to
characterize materials.

The technique is also commonly used to determine the thickness of

the test object, for example, to monitor pipe work corrosion
 Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

Advantages of UT method

Quick and direct results.

No protection against radiation required, neither interruption of
other peoples work.
In-service inspection.
Inspection of complex geometry welds with profile analysis of the
weld using a PC.
Inspections performed according to international standards
ASME, EN etc.
Final technical report that contains position, depth and type
information of discontinuity.
Storage of the discontinuities signals and inspection parameters.
Sensitivity in critical discontinuities detection (e.g. cracking).
 Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

UT creep wave probe

crack in the HAZ

UT creep wave probe

incomplete fusion

inner cracking
 Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

e
ac
br

UT creep wave probe

chord

brace

chord
 Bab 2.3. Kriteria Desain

2.3.4. Kriteria Instalasi

2.3.4. KRITERIA INSTALASI

LOAD OUT

SEA FASTENING

TRANSPORTATION

INSTALLATION AT SITE

LIFTING LAUNCH

UPENDING UPENDING

SET UP AT LOCATION SET UP AT LOCATION

PILE DRIVING PILE DRIVING

CROWN WELDING CROWN WELDING

 JACKET LOAD OUT
Load out from jetty at the fabrication yard to the barge using skid shoes and rails
Winches are used to move the jacket onto the barge.
Ballast pump of the barge is used to maintain level between the barge and the jetty

Skid Shoes

Skid Rails

BARGE JETTY
 JACKET SAIL OUT
Jacket is transported to site on the barge by tugboat

Seafastening:
Tie down to hold structure during
transportation

BARGE JETTY
 JACKET STRUCTURE
Lifting slings are all preinstalled at fabrication yard

PILE
 JACKET STRUCTURE
Lift installed at site using a
crane barge

Lifting PILE
Use 4 slings, consider 1 sling will sag

Padeye and linkage plates should use Load Factor of 2

and lateral load of 5% of lifting weight simultaneously

Slings should be sized using SWL (Min. breaking Strength /4)

Shackles should be sized using manufacturers SWL

Dynamic Load Factor Open Sea Condition:
Dynamic Load Factor 2.0
Framing to the joint
where padeye is attached

Dynamic Load factor 1.35

For other members

Sheltered location:
Use Factor of 1.5 and 1.15
respectively.

PILE
 Question:
Main Block Can AISC increase in
allowable stress for short
term load be used? No

PILE

PILE
 JACKET STRUCTURE
Up-righted partially in the water
using Main and Auxiliary blocks
for light jacket.
Using Main block for heavy jacket
Auxiliary Block
 JACKETPILE CONNECTION

WALKWAY FRAME
BOAT LANDING

BARGE BUMPERS

LEG

MUDMAT

MUDLINE FRAME
seabed

JACKET STRUCTURE
PILES Pile driving
Crown connection
Conductor driving
WELL Barge Bumper and boat
CONDUCTOR landing installation
 z

PILE

L EG

CROWN

CROWN CONNECTION
BETWEEN
PILE AND JACKET LEG
 Questions:
How to connect deck legs to the piles?
How to accommodate actual water depth?

DECK LEG
TRANSITION PIECE
TO COMPENSATE
WATER DEPTH VARIATIONS,
DECK LEG CENTERLINE
OFFSET
8 Pile Platform at Fabrication Yard

8 Pile Jacket 8 Leg Deck

4 Leg Deck 4 Leg Deck

Launch Runners

PILE
 LARGE JACKET STRUCTURE, Especially 8 Pile Jacket
Launched at site using a launch barge instead of lift installed is more common
Therefore, smaller derrick barge can be used to upright and install the jacket
Launch runner and launch truss are built on each of the 2 parallel jacket leg to launch the jacket
Jacket legs are closed with closure plates and rubber diaphragm to provide buoyancy
Key Issue: Need Adequate Buoyancy to maintain trajectory and final float position RUBBER DIAPHRAGM

FLOTATION TANKS LAUNCH TRUSS

To limit dive during launch Tubular frame on each of the
and enable two parallel jacket legs to
jacket to floats nose up support launch runners

CLOSURE PLATE
Welded to jacket leg
RUBBER DIAPHRAGM

LAUNCH RUNNER

JETTY
FABRICATION YARD
 LAUNCH BARGE
A barge equipped with launch rails, rocker arms, and winch specially built to launch a jacket
Two launch rails are built to support the launch runners on the two jacket parallel legs

Key Issue: Need Adequate Buoyancy to maintain trajectory and final float position

Parallel Legs
Flotation Tanks
RUBBER DIAPHRAGM

8 Pile jacket

Launch Runner

Launch way and Girder

CLOSURE PLATE Installed on barge deck
Welded to jacket leg

Launch Barge
 JACKET LOAD OUT
Load out from jetty at the fabrication yard to the barge using skids
Winches are used to move the jacket onto the barge.
Ballast pump of the barge is used to maintain level between the barge and the jetty

ROCKER ARMS Double Drum WINCHES

Launch barge is equipped to launch the jacket at site
with rocker arms and winches
to launch the jacket at site

LAUNCH BARGE JETTY

 JACKET SAIL OUT
Jacket is transported to site on the launch barge by tugboat

LAUNCH BARGE JETTY

 JACKET LAUNCH
Winches are used to move the jacket onto the rocker arm
Ballast pump of the barge is used to stabilize the barge during operations

LAUNCH BARGE
 JACKET LAUNCH
Jacket rotates slowly with rocker arms following the center of gravity moves
Ballast pump of the barge is used to stabilize the barge

LAUNCH BARGE
 JACKET LAUNCH
Jacket rotates slowly with rocker arms following the center of gravity moves
Ballast pump of the barge is used to stabilize the barge
Jacket launched into the water

LAUNCH BARGE
 JACKET LAUNCH
Flotation tanks used to limit dive during launch and enable jacket to float close to
upright position
Key Issues: Center of Buoyancy relatives to Center of Gravity
to maintain trajectory and final float position
Tubular member integrity under hydrostatic pressure
Seabed clearance

Seabed Clearance > 10 ft

Hydrostatic Pressure
Tubular under water
fh = Hz/4500 (D/t) ksi < Fhc/SF
experience
hydrostatic pressure Hz = Z + 0.5H cosh k(d-Z)/cosh kd
in the form of hoop
stress Fhc = Critical hoop buckling stress
d = SWL (ft)
Z = depth below still water surface (ft)
H = wave height
Ring Stiffener Hydrostatic
k = 2L
L L= Length between stiffeners
pressure

SF= Safety Factor (2.0 for operating,tt>1.5 for

storm condition)
D
JACKET UPRIGHTING
JACKET UPRIGHTING
 SETTING THE JACKET AT SITE
Lowered the jacket at the designated location and orientate as per design
Remove the flotation tanks
Jacket is temporary supported by mud-mat, secure with soft lines and stand by tug boats
Next activity: Pile driving
 SETTING THE JACKET AT SITE
Lowered the jacket at the designated location and orientate as per design
Remove the flotation tanks
Jacket is temporary supported by mud-mat, secure with soft lines and stand by tug boats
Next activity: Pile driving
 PILE DRIVING
Pile is driven to target penetration using Steam Hammers
 PILE DRIVING
Pile is driven to target penetration using Steam Hammers
 PILE DRIVING
Pile is driven to target penetration using Steam Hammers
Interconnect Deck structures, close all lifting hatches
8 Pile Platform Ready for Piping Hook-up and Commissioning
Flotation tanks

Skirt Piles
Bab 4.2.1. Peraturan Perencanaan, Standar dan Spesifikasi

API RP 2A

AISC

AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code - Steel

Specifications of Steel and Tubular:

ASTM A-36
ASTM A-572 Grade 50
API 5L Grade B
API Spec 2B
API Spec 2H
, etc.

HELIDECK:
ICAO Annex 14
CAA CAP 437
American Welding Society
AWS D 1.1

AWS D1.1 Section 10 for tubular structures

AWS D1.1 Section 8 for plates and structural shapes
 API Offshore Structures Design Practice

API RP 2A 21st edition 2000 for Fixed Jackets

First created in 1969. Major Updates 9thEd. 1978, 20th Ed. 1993
Water depth limitation of criteria is 1000 ft linearly extrapolated from 400 ft.
Specifies 100 year design criteria

API RP 2SK 2nd edition 1996 for Moored Station Keeping

First edition in 1994
Derived from
API 2P in 1987 for mobile offshore units
API 2FP1 in 1993 for floating production systems
Specifies 100 year design criteria for permanent systems
Specifies 5 year or 10 year criteria for mobile systems

API RP 2T 2nd edition 1997 for Tension Leg Platforms

First edition in 1987
Specifies 100 year criteria

API RP 2FPS 1st edition 2001 for Floating Production Systems

 API RP2A:Fixed Steel Platforms
a living document

1969: 1st edition (ASD) was issued

1976: 7th edition was issued.

Significant milestone: recommend 100 year wave as
design condition

1993: 20th edition was issued.

Completely revised wave force formulation
Recommend use of 100 year load conditions as design
condition
1993: 1st edition (LRFD) was issued

1999: 21st edition API RP2A-WSD was issued

2006: 22nd edition API RP2A-WSD was issued

 Evolution of API RP2A New Era

Source: Pat OConnors presentation for 2007 API Workshop Interim Hurricane Bulletins July 17th (New Orleans); July 19th (Houston)
 Evolution of API RP2A New Era

Extracted from Pat OConnors presentation

2007 API Workshop Interim Hurricane Bulletins July 17th (New Orleans); July 19th (Houston)
 ISO for Offshore Structures

As of January 2005, the ISO 19900 series consists of the following documents:

ISO 19900 Petroleum and natural gas industries General requirements for offshore structures
ISO 19901-1 Metocean design and operating considerations
ISO 19901-2 Seismic design procedures and criteria
ISO 19901-3 Topside structure
ISO 19901-4 Geotechnical and foundation design considerations
ISO 19901-5 Weight control during engineering and construction
ISO 19901-6 Marine operations
ISO 19901-7 Station keeping systems for floating offshore structures and mobile offshore units

ISO 19902 Petroleum and natural gas industries Fixed steel offshore structures
ISO 19903 Petroleum and natural gas industries Fixed concrete offshore structures

ISO 19904-1 Petroleum and natural gas industries Floating structures Monohulls, semi-
submersible and spars
ISO 19904-1 Petroleum and natural gas industries Floating structures Tension Leg
Platforms

ISO 19905 Petroleum and natural gas industries Site-specific assessment of mobile offshore
units
ISO 19906 Petroleum and natural gas industries Arctic offshore structures