OPENING WORK

Write a 7+ sentence paragraph discussing

the most interesting thing you learned in
AP U.S. History in 2016.

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WASHINGTON TO LINCOLN
(THE FIRST 16)

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DAY 1: (THE CONSTITUTION)

TIME FOR A CHANGE

TheArticles of Confederation, the original
constitution of the United States, lacked adequate
powers to deal with issues between states or to
enforce its will on the states, and the world did not
greatly respect it

A convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787, called

the Constitutional Convention (or the Philadelphia
Convention)

Atthis convention, some of the delegates decided

upon a daring stepthey would completely scrap the
old Articles of Confederation instead of revise it

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THE NEW CONSTITUTION
The new Constitution went
into effect in 1789 and created
a new government with three
branches- executive, judicial,
and legislativethese
branches would function
under a system of checks
and balances
checks and balances-
system that allows each
branch of a government to
amend or veto acts of another
branch so as to prevent any
one branch from exerting too
much power

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FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
This new Constitution
also provided for a
stronger central
government the
federal structure
divided power between
the states and the
nationthe Constitution
also called for the
election of a president
(leader of the executive
branch)
Not everyone agreed
with the ideas of the
Constitution, however,
which led to division and
arguments- Federalists
vs. Anti-Federalists

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DAY 2- DEBATE OVER CONSTITUTION

FEDERALISTS VS. ANTI-FEDERALISTS

Debate over the Constitution caused division among leaders,
supporters of the Constitution had a number of advantages
These men, labeled Federalists, wanted a stronger national
government, favored limiting state power
They were better organized than their opponents, and they
had the support of the two most eminent men in America at
that time- Washington and Franklin
The Federalists also had the support of the most skilled
political philosophers of their time- Alexander Hamilton, James
Madison, and John Jay

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THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote
a series of essays that were
widely published explaining the
meaning and virtues of the
Constitution
They did so to counteract the
powerful arguments that those
opposed to the Constitution- the
Antifederalists- were making
These essays were later issued
as a book, known today as The
Federalist Papers, and are among
the most important American
contributions to political theory

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ANTIFEDERALISTS
Antifederalists had serious and intelligent arguments of their
own, presenting themselves as defenders of the true principles
of the Revolution
The Constitution, they believed, would betray those principles
by establishing a strong, potentially tyrannical (oppressive and
controlling), center of power in the new national government
They supported strong power in the hands of the states and
individual liberties
Their biggest complaint was that the Constitution lacked a bill
of rights, a formal declaration of the legal and civil rights of the
citizens
Despite the Antifederalist efforts, ratification of the Constitution
proceeded quickly

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ELECTIONS AND A BILL OF RIGHTS
The first elections under the Constitution took place in the
early months of 1789
There was never any real doubt about who would be the
first president in fact, George Washington received the
votes of all the presidential electors
John Adams, a leading Federalist, became vice president
By 1789, it was also quite evident that some sort of bill of
rights was essential to legitimize the new government in
the eyes of its opponents
The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the
Constitution, was ratified in 1791
Among these rights included freedom of religion, speech,
and the press, trial by jury, and others

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DAY 3- WASHINGTON AND ADAMS

WASHINGTONS PRESIDENCY
President Washington provided a much-
needed symbol of national unity
Washingtons VP John Adams was widely
respected as one of the main leaders in
the drive for independence
Washingtons cabinet included other
prominent leaders such as Alexander
Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury) and
Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State)
Political division first surfaced over the
financial plan developed by Hamiltonhe
proposed that the federal government take
responsibility for the existing public debt
and the debts of the states as well (debts
from paying for the Revolutionary War)
Hamilton also wanted to create a national
bank, which began operations in 1791

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HAMILTONS PLAN
As he formulated his plan, Hamilton used a loose
interpretation of the Constitution, believing that what the
Constitution did not specifically forbid, it allowed He also
believed that a strong central government was critical
His main opponent, Thomas Jefferson, felt that the states
should hold greater authority than the federal government,
since the states were closer to the people and were less
likely to abuse their authority
Furthermore, Jeffersons strict interpretation of the
Constitutionbelieving that what was not specifically
written was forbiddenled him to believe that Hamiltons
proposal of a national bank exceeded federal authority
This division over interpretation of the Constitution among
other things led to the founding of the two-party political
system (supporters of Hamiltons ideas- Federalists,
supporters of Jeffersons ideas- Democratic-Republicans)

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COMPROMISE AND A LATER TREATY
At a famous dinner in 1790, the
two opponents worked out a
compromise Jefferson would
accept Hamiltons plan for the
national government to take over
and pay the state debts, while
Jefferson obtained the national
capital (District of Columbia) for
the South
Another significant aspect of
Washingtons presidency was
the signing of Jays Treaty- 1794
treaty which sought to settle
outstanding issues between the
U.S. and Great Britain that had
been left unresolved since
American independence

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ADAMS ELECTED
Despite strong pressure from
his many admirers to run for a
third term, Washington
insisted on retiring from office
in 1797
Presidential election of 1796-
John Adams (Federalist Party)
vs. Thomas Jefferson
(Democratic-Republican
Party)
Adams was elected, but was
not the most dominant figure
in his own party at this time
Hamilton was the most
influential Federalist

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 DAY 4: JOHN ADAMS
WASHINGTONS FAREWELL ADDRESS
War between France and Britain resulting
from the French Revolution presented
challenges to the United States over issues
of free trade and foreign policy and
fostered political disagreement
In George Washingtons Farewell Address,
he encouraged national unity, as he
cautioned against political divisions and
warned against the danger of permanent
foreign alliances (in response to the current
war being fought between Britain and
France)
The nation which indulges towards
another an habitual hatred, or an habitual
fondness, is in some degree a slave. It is a
slave to its animosity or to its affection,
either of which is sufficient to lead it astray
from its duty and its interest. George

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Washington, Farewell Address (1796)
 XYZ AFFAIR
During Adams presidency, France and
the United States experienced tension
This tension was highlighted by the
XYZ Affair- Adams sent delegates to
meet with French foreign minister
Talleyrand in the hopes of working
things out Talleyrand's three agents
told the American delegates that they
could meet with Talleyrand only in
exchange for a very large bribe. The
Americans did not pay the bribe, and in
1798 Adams made the incident public,
substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for
the names of the three French agents
in his report to Congress
This affair resulted in an undeclared
war with France, known as the Quasi
War, that lasted for a few years until
peace was restored in 1800

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ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
A series of laws known collectively as the
Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by
Congress in 1798 and signed into law by
President Adams These laws included
new powers to DEPORT foreigners as well
as making it harder for new IMMIGRANTS
to vote
The Sedition Act specifically prohibited
public opposition to the government
Fines and imprisonment could be used
against those who "write, print, utter, or
publish any false, scandalous and
malicious writing" against the government
These acts were passed during a time of
tension with France

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JEFFERSON ELECTED 3RD
PRESIDENT
Despite negotiating peace with
France, John Adams was largely
unpopular as a president, and lost
the election of 1800 to Thomas
Jefferson
Jefferson took office in 1801 and
shortly thereafter cancelled the
Alien and Sedition Acts
Jefferson was the first president
elected as a member of the
Democratic-Republican Party

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 DAY 5: JEFFERSON AND MADISON

JEFFERSONS PRESIDENCY
Jefferson aimed to minimize federal
power and eliminate government
oversight of the economy, contrary to the
ideas of Hamilton
Marbury v. Madison- 1803 case in which
Chief Justice John Marshall and his
associates first asserted the right of the
Supreme Court to determine the meaning
of the U.S. Constitution The decision
established the Court's power of judicial
review over acts of Congress (judicial
review- review by the US Supreme Court
of the constitutional validity of a
legislative act)
Louisiana Purchase- U.S. acquisition of
the Louisiana territory from France in
1803 for $15 million The purchase
secured American control of the
Mississippi River and doubled the size of

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the nation at this time
JEFFERSONS PRESIDENCY (CONT.)
Lewis and Clark- (1804-1806)
expedition to the Pacific coast led by
Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark Commissioned by President
Jefferson, the expedition of the far
west brought back a wealth of
scientific data about the country and
its resources
Embargo Act- (1807) this act issued
by Jefferson forbade American
trading ships from leaving the U.S
It was meant to force Britain and
France to change their policies
towards neutral vessels by depriving
them of American trade but instead
backfired and hurt Americans

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EMBARGO ACT CARTOON

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JAMES MADISON ELECTED
Jefferson had easily won
reelection in 1804 defeating
the Federalist candidate, and
his successor, James
Madison, also won the
election of 1808 easily,
becoming the 4th president of
the U.S.
Madison, the primary author
of the Constitution and the
Bill of Rights, had to deal with
the War of 1812 during his
presidency

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DAY 6: MADISON AND INVENTIONS
PROBLEMS WITH BRITAINAGAIN
War of 1812- A war between
the U.S. and Great Britain
caused by American outrage
over the impressment
(British practice of taking
American sailors and
forcing them into military
service) of American sailors
by the British, the British
seizure of American ships,
and British aid to the
Indians attacking the
Americans on the western
frontier
During the war, the British
burned the White House in
Washington, D.C.
Neither side won the war,
which ended with The

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Treaty of Ghent
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS
During this time period, America began
taking steps towards its transformation
into an urban, industrial society
Eli Whitney- American inventor who
developed the cotton gin Also
contributed to the concept of
interchangeable parts- parts that were
exactly alike and easily assembled
cotton gin- Invented by Eli Whitney in
1793 It removed seeds from cotton
fibers, which allowed cotton to be
processed quickly and cheaplyResulted
in more cotton production and an increase
in slavery as labor was needed to work the
growing cotton industry

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 INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS (CONT.)

Robert Fulton- American

inventor who designed the
first commercially
successful steamboat and
the first steam warship
Steamboat- made possible
upstream travel (against
the current)
By 1811, the first steamboat
had been introduced on the
Mississippi River; twenty
years later some 200 piled
its waters

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DAY 7: ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS?

AMERICA AFTER THE WAR OF 1812

The expansion of the economy, the
growth of white settlement and
trade in the West, the creation of
new states- all reflected the rising
spirit of nationalism that was
growing in the United States
following the War of 1812
Nationalism- a strong feeling of
pride in and devotion to one's
country
The 5th president elected was James
Monroe, whose presidency on the
surface appeared to be an era of
good feelings
Monroe served two terms as a
Democratic-Republican; the
Federalist Party by now essentially
ceased to exist

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 MISSOURI COMPROMISE
When Missouri applied for
admission to the Union as a
state in 1819, slavery was
already well established there
In 1819, there were 11 free states
and 11 slave states; the
admission of Missouri as a slave
state would upset the balance of
the Union
The Missouri Compromise
resolved the issue so that Maine
joined as a free state and
Missouri joined as a slave
state Congress also made a
line across the southern border
of Missouri saying except for the
state of Missouri, all states north
of that line must be free states

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 MONROE DOCTRINE
In 1823, Monroe outlined
an important part of his
foreign policy that
became known as the
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine- Monroe
declared that any attempt
by a European power to
colonize any part of the
American continents
would be viewed as an
unfriendly act toward the
United States
This established the idea
of the United States as the
dominant power in the
Western Hemisphere

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DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN PARTY
DIVIDES
John Quincy Adams, son of
John Adams, was elected 6th
president (Democratic-
Republican)
Following the end of the
Federalist Party, the
Democratic-Republican Party
divided into two parties
National Republicans and
Democratic Republicans
Andrew Jackson, the 7th
president was elected as a
member of the Democratic
Republican Party, calling for an
assault on privilege and
opportunities for the common
man

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MONROE DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS
1. What did the Monroe Doctrine say? What part did
America play in it?
2. Why did the British help enforce the Monroe Doctrine?
3. Why would the Monroe Doctrine be a good idea?

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SENECA FALLS CONVENTION
(1848) ASSIGNMENT
1. Why did the women of the convention cite the
Declaration of Independence?
2. What were the religious backgrounds of some of the
members of the convention?
3. How did the state of New York respond to the writing of
forty-four married women?
4. How did newspapers react to the convention?
5. How did one of the leading figures of the convention,
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, describe the movement?

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DAY 8- ANDREW JACKSON
JACKSONS PRESIDENCY
spoils system- practice
of rewarding supporters
with government jobs
Jackson's system of
periodically replacing
officeholders to allow
ordinary citizens to play a
more prominent role in
government

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TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS AND
THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Tariff- a tax or duty to be paid on a
particular class of imports or exports
Tariff of Abominations- Industries
in the northern United States were
being driven out of business by low-
priced imported goods; the major
goal of the tariff was to protect these
industries by taxing those goods
The South, however, was harmed
directly by having to pay higher
prices on goods the region did not
produce, and indirectly because
reducing the exportation of British
goods to the U.S. made it difficult for
the British to pay for the cotton they
imported from the South
The reaction in the South, particularly
in South Carolina, would lead to the
Nullification Crisis of 1832

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NULLIFICATION CRISIS OF 1832
Nullification- the theory that states have the
right to void a federal law they feel is
unconstitutional
In response to the Tariff of Abominations,
some South Carolinians were ready to
secede from the United States, claiming the
tariff was damaging the states economy
dramatically
John C. Calhoun, the current VP and a native
of South Carolina, proposed nullification- if a
state felt a federal law was unconstitutional,
they could declare it void within the state
President Andrew Jackson insisted that
nullification was treason, and violence
seemed a real possibility however, a
compromise was reached that lowered the
tariff

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 INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (1830)
Indian Removal Act- Signed into law
by President Andrew Jackson and
strongly supported by the South who
were eager to gain access to the lands
inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes
Though the act was intended to be
voluntary removal, significant
pressure was put onto the tribes'
chiefs to vacate and led to the
inevitable removal of most Indians
from the states
Trail of Tears- In 1838 and 1839, as
part of Andrew Jackson's Indian
removal policy, the Cherokee nation
was forced to give up its lands east of
the Mississippi River and to migrate to
an area in present-day Oklahoma
The movement of Natives lasted 116
days and was 1,000 miles long, many
Native Americans died along the way

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 DAY 9- FROM JACKSON TO THE CIVIL WAR

DEMOCRATS AND WHIGS

Opponents of Jackson began to
organize into a new political
party called the Whigs
The Whigs denounced the
president as King Andrew I,
but they favored a stronger
federal government, whereas
Jacksons party, the Democrats
(Dem-Rep.), believed the
government should be limited
Whigs were more cautious
about westward expansion and
embraced industrial
advancements; Democrats were
generally less wealthy
individuals who favored an
agricultural economy
Henry Clay was a major leader

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of the Whigs
SENECA FALLS CONVENTION
In 1848, a womens rights
movement sought to create
greater equality and
opportunities for women,
expressing its ideals at the
Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a
major leader of this group
Many of these women had
started out as abolitionists,
someone who favors
abolishing slavery

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 THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION
The United States began to divide more and
more over the issue of slavery, which many
Southerners entitled the peculiar institution
In the North, slavery had died out and was
replaced in the cities and factories by
immigrant labor from Europe In contrast,
the Southern economy depended on slave
labor (plantations)
Some African Americans in the North and
white abolitionists presented moral
arguments against slavery and sometimes
expressed a willingness to use violence to
achieve their goals
Other Northerners stood instead for free
soil, keeping slavery out of the new
territories, many of whom wanted the West to
be only for whites
Defenders of slavery believed that states
rights were protected by the Constitution and

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that slavery was a positive social good
DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD (1857)
A Missouri slave sued for his freedom,
claiming that his four year stay in the
northern portion of the Louisiana
Territory made free land by the Missouri
Compromise had made him a free man
The U.S. Supreme Court decided he
couldn't sue in federal court because he
was property, not a citizen, and that the
Missouri Compromise was
unconstitutional
The statement that the federal
government was powerless to act on the
issue was startling and very
controversial Southern whites were
elated, Northern whites responded with
fury and dismay
This decision was directly one of the
causes of the Civil War

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CIVIL WAR
President Abraham Lincoln had been elected the 16th
president in 1860 as a member of the newly formed
Republican Party
Lincoln believed slavery was morally wrong, but was not an
abolitionist at first
The Civil War was fought between the United States of
America and the Confederate States of America, a collection
of eleven southern states that left the Union in 1860 and
1861 and formed their own country in order to protect the
institution of slavery
Jefferson Davis, a former U.S. Senator and Secretary of War,
was appointed President of the Confederate States of
America
The United States thought that the southern states were
wrong to leave the Union and initiated a war that raged
across the country for four years

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