Kuliah Sistem Pakar

Pertemuan V

Representasi Pengetahuan
 Tujuan Pembelajaran

Mengerti perang proses RPL terhadap Rekayasa Pengetahuan

Mengerti Representasi Pengetahuan, tipe-tupe
Mengetahui Tipe Tipe Representasi Pengetahuan
Mampu menjelaskan konsep Skema Representasi Pengetahuan
 Proses Rekayasa Pengetahuan
(Knowledge Engineering Process)
Validasi Sumber
Pengetahuan Pengetahuan

Akuisisi
Pengetahuan

Basis Representasi
Pengetahuan Pengetahuan
Pengkodean
Justifikasi
Penjelasan

Inferensi
 Knowledge Representation

Knowledge Representation is concerned with

storing large bodies of useful information in a
symbolic format.
Most commercial ES are rule-based systems
where the information is stored as rules.
Frames may also be used to complement rule-based
systems.
Tipe-tipe Pengetahuan berdasar
Sumber

Deep Knowledge
(formal knowledge)

Shallow /Surface Knowledge

(non formal knowledge)
 Penjelasan
Deep knowledge atau pengetahuan formal,
pengetahuan bersifat umum yang terdapat dalam
sumber pengetahuan tertentu (buku, jurnal, buletin ilmiah
dsb) dan dapat diterapkan dalam tugas maupun kondisi
berbeda.

Shallow knowledge atau pengetahuan non formal,

pengetahuan-pengetahuan praktis dalam bidang tertentu
yang diperoleh seorang pakar pengalamannya pada
bidang dalam jangka waktu cukup lama.
Tipe-tipe Pengetahuan berdasar Cara
Merepresentasikan

Pengetahuan Heuristik

Pengetahuan Prosedural

Pengetahuan Deklaratif
 Representasi Pengetahuan

Propotional Logic (logika proposional)

Semantic Network (jaringan semantik)
Script, List, Table, dan Tree
Object, Attribute, dan Values
Production Rule (kaidah produksi)
Frame
 Representation in Logic and
Other Schemas

General form of any logical process

Inputs (Premises)
Premises used by the logical process to
create the output, consisting of
conclusions (inferences)
Facts known true can be used to derive
new facts that also must be true
 Two Basic Forms of Computational Logic
Propositional logic (or propositional calculus)
Predicate logic (or predicate calculus)
 Symbols represent propositions, premises or
conclusions
Statement: A = The mail carrier comes Monday
through Friday.
Statement: B = Today is Sunday.
Conclusion: C = The mail carrier will not come
today.
Propositional logic: limited in representing
real-world knowledge
 Propositional Logic

A proposition is a statement that is either true or

false
Once known, it becomes a premise that can be used
to derive new propositions or inferences
Rules are used to determine the truth (T) or falsity
(F) of the new proposition
 Propotional Logic
Logic dapat digunakan untuk melakukan penalaran :

Input Output
Proses
Premise Inferensi
atau Logik atau
Fakta-Fakta Konklusi

Contoh :
Pernyataan A = Pak Pos datang hari Senin
sampai Sabtu
Pernyataan B = Hari ini hari Minggu
Kesimpulan C = Pak Pos tidak akan datang hari ini
 Predicate Calculus
Predicate logic breaks a statement down into
component parts, an object, object
characteristic or some object assertion
Predicate calculus uses variables and functions
of variables in a symbolic logic statement
Predicate calculus is the basis for Prolog
(PROgramming in LOGic)
Prolog Statement Examples
comes_on(mail_carrier, monday).

likes(jay, chocolate).

(Note - the period . is part of the statement)

 Jaringan Semantik

Merupakan gambaran pengetahuan

berbentuk grafis dan menunjukkan
hubungan antar berbagai obyek.
Obyek, berupa benda atau peristiwa
Nodes Obyek
Arc (Link) Keterhubungan
(Relationships)
* is a
* has a
Contoh :
1)

Is a Human
Boy Being
a
a Is
Is
Goes to Needs
Woman
School Joe

s a
I Food
Has
a child
Kay

16
2)

ANAK
LAKI-
LAKI adalah
MANUSIA
adala
PEREM-
h
pergi PUAN
SEKOLAH ke JOE adala perlu
h adala
h
LAKI-
KAY MAKANAN
mempunya LAKI
i kawin
anak dengan adalah

punya jabatan
WAKIL bekerja ACME
MOBIL SAM PRESDIR di

merk anak
bermain
berwarna perusahaan
MERCEDES
AJAX
BENZ GOLF

buatan adalah

OLAH-
PERAK RAGA
JERMAN
Script, List, Table, dan Tree
Scripts

SCRIPT , skema representasi pengetahuan yang

menggambarkan urutan dari kejadian. Elemen-elemen
script terdiri dari :
Elements include

Entry Conditions

Props

Roles

Tracks

Scenes

Contoh : Script Ujian Akhir Semester

 List

LIST,
daftar tertulis dari item-item yang saling
berhubungan.
Umumnya digunakan untuk merepresentasikan
hirarki pengetahuan dimana suatu obyek
dikelompokan, dikategorikan sesuai dengan
Rank or

Relationship

Contoh : berupa daftar orang yang anda kenal,

benda-benda yang harus dibeli di pasar swalayan,
hal-hal yang harus dilakukan minggu ini, atau
produk-produk dalam suatu katalog.
Decision Tabel
DECISION TABLE, pengetahuan yang diatur dalam
format lembar kerja atau spreadsheet, menggunakan
kolom dan baris.
Attribute List
Conclusion List
Different attribute configurations are matched against
the conclusion
Contoh : ?
Decision Trees

DECISION TREE, tree yang berhubungan dengan decision

table namun sering digunakan dalam analisis sistem komputer
(bukan sistem AI).
Contoh : ?
Related to tables
Similar to decision trees in decision theory
Can simplify the knowledge acquisition process
Knowledge diagramming is frequently more
natural to experts than formal representation
methods
 Object, Attribute, Values

OBJECT :
OBJECT dapat berupa fisik atau konsepsi.

ATTRIBUTE :
ATTRIBUTE adalah karakteristik dari object.

VALUES :
VALUES adalah ukuran spesifik dari attribute dalam

situasi tertentu
 Object Attribute Values
Rumah Kamar tidur 2,3,4, dsb.

Rumah Warna Hijau, Putih,

Coklat dsb.

Diterima di Nilai Ujian masuk A, B, C atau D

Universitas

Pengendalian Level persediaan 15, 20, 25, 35,

persedian dsb.

Kamar tidur Ukuran 3x4, 5x6, 4x5,

dsb.
 Production Rules

PRODUCTION RULES:
Production system dikembangkan oleh
Newell dan Simon sebagai model dari
kognisi manusia. Ide dasar dari sistem ini
adalah pengetahuan digambarkan sebagai
production rules dalam bentuk pasangan
kondisi-aksi.
 Production Rules
Condition-Action Pairs
IF this condition (or premise or antecedent)

occurs,
THEN some action (or result, or conclusion, or

consequence) will (or should) occur

IF the stop light is red AND you have stopped,

THEN a right turn is OK

 Each production rule in a knowledge base represents
an autonomous chunk of expertise
When combined and fed to the inference engine, the
set of rules behaves synergistically
Rules can be viewed as a simulation of the cognitive
behavior of human experts
Rules represent a model of actual human behavior
 Contoh : Production Rules
RULE 1 : JIKA konflik internasional mulai
MAKA harga emas naik

RULE 2 : JIKA laju inflasi berkurang

MAKA harga emas turun

RULE 3 : JIKA konflik internasional

berlangsung lebih dari tujuh
hari dan
JIKA konflik terjadi di Timur
Tengah
MAKA beli emas
 Production Rules

Condition-Action Pairs
IF this condition (or premise or

antecedent) occurs,
THEN some action (or result, or

conclusion, or consequence) will (or

should) occur

IF the stop light is red AND you have

stopped, THEN a right turn is OK
 Each production rule in a
knowledge base represents an
autonomous chunk of expertise
When combined and fed to the
inference engine, the set of rules
behaves synergistically
Rules can be viewed as a
simulation of the cognitive
behavior of human experts
Rules represent a model of actual
human behavior
 Forms of Rules

IF premise, THEN conclusion

IF your income is high,

THEN your chance of being audited by the

IRS is high

Conclusion, IF premise
Your chance of being audited is high, IF

your income is high

 Inclusion of ELSE
IF your income is high, OR your deductions are

unusual, THEN your chance of being audited by

the IRS is high, OR ELSE your chance of being
audited is low
More Complex Rules
IF credit rating is high AND salary is more than

$30,000, OR assets are more than $75,000, AND

pay history is not "poor," THEN approve a loan up
to $10,000, and list the loan in category "B.
Action part may have more information: THEN

"approve the loan" and "refer to an agent"

 Frame

FRAME adalah struktur data yang berisi semua

pengetahuan tentang obyek tertentu. Pengetahuan
ini diatur dalam suatu struktur hirarkis khusus yang
memperbolehkan diagnosis terhadap independensi
pengetahuan. Frame pada dasarnya adalah aplikasi
dari pemrograman berorientasi objek untuk AI dan
ES.

Setiap frame mendefinisikan satu objek, dan terdiri

dari dua elemen : slot (menggambarkan rincian dan
karakteristik obyek) dan facet.
Frames

Frame: Data structure that includes all the

knowledge about a particular object
Knowledge organized in a hierarchy for diagnosis of
knowledge independence
Form of object-oriented programming for AI and ES.
Each Frame Describes One Object
Special Terminology
Contoh Frame
Automobile Frame
Class of : Transportation
Name of Manufacturer : Audi
Origin of Manufacturer : Germany
Model : 5000 turbo
Type of Car : Sedan
Weight : 3000 lbs.
Wheelbase : 105.8 inches
Number of doors : 4 (default)
Transmission : 3-speed (automatic)
Number of wheels : 4 (default)
Gas mileage : 22 mpg average (procedural attachment)
Engine Frame
Cylinder bore : 3.19 inches
Cylinder stroke : 3.4 inches
Compression ratio : 7.8 to 1
Fuel system : Injection with turbocharger
Horsepower : 140 hp
Torque : 160 ft/Lbs
Hirarki Frame (exp : Vehicle)
Vehicle
Frame

Train Boat Car Airplane Submarine

Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame

Passenger Truck Bus

Car Frame Frame Frame

Compact Midsize
Car Frame Car Frame

Toyota Mitsubishi
Corolla Frame Lancer Frame

Marys Car Jans Car

Frame Frame
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Pertemuan VI

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