Acceptance Sampling

- A form of inspection
PRESENTED BY : SENARATHNE D.M.U.S | S/09/598
 acceptance sampling
Outline 2

Introduction
Usage
Sampling Plans
Single, Double and multiple Sampling Plans
Operating Characteristic Curve and Acceptance Levels
Sampling Risks
Average Outgoing Quality
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion
 acceptance sampling
Introduction 3

A form of inspection applied to lots or batches of

items before or after a process to judge
conformance to predetermined standards
It is a decision making tool by which a conclusion
is reached regarding the acceptability of lot.
 acceptance sampling
Acceptance Sampling Used in 4

When testing is destructive

When the cost of 100% inspection is extremely high and it
is not technologically feasible
When the vendor has an excellent quality history, and some
reduction in inspection from 100% is desired, but the
vendors process capability is sufficiently low as to make no
inspection an unsatisfactory alternative
 acceptance sampling
Sampling Plans 5

Sampling Plans specify

the lot size, sample size,
number of samples and
acceptance/rejection
criteria. Sampling plans
involve

Lot

Random
sample
 acceptance sampling
Single Sampling Plan 6
A representative sample of n items is drawn from a lot
size of N items.
Each item in the sample is examined and classified as
good/defective
If the number of defective exceeds a specified rejection
number (C - cut off point) the whole lot is rejected;
otherwise the whole lot is accepted
Lot (N Rando
Lot (N Rando items) m
items) m sample
sample (n
(n items)
items)
 acceptance sampling
Double Sampling Plan 7

A Double Sampling Plan allows the opportunity to take a

second sample if the results of the original sample are
inconclusive.
Specifies the lot size, size of the initial sample, the
accept/reject/inconclusive criteria for the initial sample (CL -
lower level of defectives, CU - upper level of defectives)
Specifies the size of the second sample and the acceptance
rejection criteria based on the total number of defective
observed in both the first and second sample (CT- total
allowable defectives)
It works like the following example
 acceptance sampling
Double Sampling Plan 8
Lot First Random
sample

First sample
inconclusive,
Accept Lot take second Reject Lot
sample

CL CU
Compare number of defective found in the first
random sample to CL and CU and make appropriate
decision.
Double Sampling Plan 9
Lot First Random

acceptance sampling
sample

Second Random
sample

Accept Lot Reject Lot

CT
Compare the total number of defective in both samples
to CT and make the appropriate decision
 acceptance sampling
Multiple Sampling Plans 10

A Multiple Sampling Plan is similar to the double

sampling plan in that successive trials are made, each of
which has acceptance, rejection and inconclusive options.

Which Plan you choose depends on

Cost and time
Number of samples needed and number of items
in each sample
 acceptance sampling
Operating Characteristic Curve(OCC) 11

An Operating Probability of acceptance 1

Under0.9
this sampling plan, if the lot has 2% defective
Characteristic . the probability of
Curve (OCC) is a 0.8 the lot is 92%
accepting . the probability of
probability curve rejecting
0.7the lot is 8%
for a sampling 0.6
plan that shows If the lot has0.5
10% defective . it has a small
the probabilities of probability (11%)
0.4 of being accepted . the probability of
accepting lots with rejecting the lot is 89%
0.3
various lot quality
0.2
levels
0.1
(%defectives).
0
0.02 0.06 0.1 0.14 0.18
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2

Lot quality (%defective)

 acceptance sampling
Customers Acceptance Levels 12

Most customers understand that 100% inspection is impractical and

are generally willing to accept that a certain level of defectives will
be produced.
The Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) is the percentage level of
defects at which a customer is willing to accept as lot as good.
The Lot Tolerance Percent Defective (LTPD) is the upper limit
on the percentage of defectives that a customer is willing to
accept.
Customers want lots with quality better than or equal to the AQL
but are willing to live with some lots with quality as poor as the
LTPD, but prefer not to accept lots with quality levels worse than
the LTPD.
 acceptance sampling
Defining good and bad lot 13
Probability of acceptance
1
Instead of good and
0.8 bad we will define
really good, really
0.6 bad, ok, but not
Very Good great
0.4
Very Bad
Ok! But
0.2
not great

0
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

AQL LTPD
Proportion non-conforming
 acceptance sampling
Customers Acceptance Levels 14

Therefore the sampling plan must be designed to assure

the customer that they will be receiving the required
AQL and LTPD.
The Consumers Risk is the probability that an
unacceptable lot (e.g. above the LTPD) will be accepted.
The Producers Risk is the probability that a good lot
will be rejected.
 aceptancae sampling
Sampling Risks 15

Producers Risk = Probability

0.8
acceptable is rejected

0.6

0.4

0.2 Consumer Risk = Probability

unacceptable is accepted
0
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
AQL
LTPD
Unacceptable lot
Acceptable lot
 acceptance sampling
Average Quality Of Inspected Lots 16

The result of acceptance sampling (assuming rejected lots are
100% inspected) is that the level of inspection automatically adjusts
to the quality of the lots being inspected.
The Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ)is the average of rejected lots
(100% inspection) and accepted lots ( a sample of items inspected).

AOQ = where;
= Probability of accepting a lot
= Fraction defective
N = Lot size
n = Sample size
The maximum outgoing quality level is referred to as the AOQL
 acceptance sampling
Constructing OC Curve 17
1 acceptance
Probability of
0.9 0.67 Proportion Probability
0.8 7
non- of
0.7
conforming acceptanc
0.6
e
0.5
0 1
0.4
0.01 0.986
0.3
0.02 0.922
0.2
0.04 0.677
0.1
0.06 0.416
0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.08 0.226
-0.02 0.02 0.06 0.1 0.14 0.18 0.1 0.112
Proportion non-conforming 0.15 0.014
OC curve for n=50, c=2 0.2 0.001
 acceptance sampling
Advantages 18
It is usually less expensive because there is less
inspection.
There is less handling of the product, hence reduced
damage.
It is applicable to destructive testing.
Fewer personnel are involved in inspection activities.
It often greatly reduces the amount of inspection error.
The rejection of entire lots are opposed to the sample
return of defectives often provides a stronger motivation
to the vendor for quality improvements.
 acceptance sampling
Disadvantages 19

There are risk of accepting bad lots and rejecting

good lots.
Less information is usually generated about the product
or about the process that manufactured the product.
Acceptance sampling requires planning and
documentation of the acceptance sampling procedure
whereas 100% inspection does not.
 acceptance sampling
Conclusion 20

Acceptance sampling is a statistical procedure used to

determine whether to accept or reject a production lot of
material.
A wide variety of sampling plans are available. Plans have an
accepted AQL & a rejected LTPD & an AOQL.
Acceptance sampling tables are there to supply a set of
accepted procedures with known properties &verified results.
Sampling provides rational means of verification that a
production lot confirms with requirements of technical
specifications.
acceptance sampling
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